{"id":809,"date":"2020-05-07T15:00:20","date_gmt":"2020-05-07T15:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=809"},"modified":"2025-08-13T19:03:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T19:03:24","slug":"dogabilimi-olarak-dilbilim-yunus-sahin","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/dogabilimi-olarak-dilbilim-yunus-sahin\/","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fabilimi Olarak Dilbilim \u2014 Yunus \u015eahin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yunus \u015eahin, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Dilbilimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc son s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak lisans e\u011fitimine devam ediyor. Y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131nda insan belle\u011finin i\u015flemsel modelleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak istiyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilbilim denince pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131n akl\u0131nda canlanan konsept \u201cbir \u015fey dili ve edebiyat\u0131\u201d oluyor. Bu her ne kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yanl\u0131\u015f olmasa da eksik oldu\u011fu kesin. Bu eksiklik belki tek bir a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fil, birka\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131dan da ele al\u0131nabilir. Fakat bili\u015fsel bilimle ilgilenen ve lisans formasyonumun bir do\u011fabilimi \u00fczerine oldu\u011funu iddia etmeyi seven biri olarak, bu konuyu yaln\u0131zca tek bir a\u00e7\u0131dan ele almay\u0131 hedefliyorum. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131m \u201cdilbilim nedir?\u201d gibi bir soruya cevap vermek, dilbilimin neleri kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamam\u0131yla ortaya koymak gibi bir gayeden \u00e7ok uzakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ek olarak, yaz\u0131 bizi konudan \u00e7ok uzakla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle neyin do\u011fabilimi oldu\u011fu veya olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi bir konuyu da tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7m\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yaz\u0131 boyunca, bu konuda biraz kolayc\u0131 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131narak dilbilimin biyolojiye yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu alanlar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimi \u2018do\u011fabilimi olma\u2019 kriteri sayaca\u011f\u0131m. Pekala bu kriterin bir bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fabilimi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yeterli ve\/ya do\u011fru bir kriter olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nday\u0131m fakat bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 burada s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekten imtina ediyorum. Do\u011fabilimi i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 tan\u0131mlar \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmek niyetinde olanlar i\u00e7in dahi faydal\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern dilbilim ve tarihinden bahsediyorken, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 iki yar\u0131ya b\u00f6lmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Ferdinand De Saussure\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 (1916) ile \u015fekillenmi\u015f, Edward Sapir ve Leonard Bloomfield taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f Yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k (Structuralism) ve ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da Noam Chomsky taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00dcretici (generative) Gramer bask\u0131n olmu\u015ftur diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saussure\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dilbilimi yaln\u0131zca tarihsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, onun senkronik (e\u015fzamanl\u0131) \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini ve hatta \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131salc\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bir dil datas\u0131n\u0131 toplay\u0131p o datadaki dilsel \u00f6\u011feleri betimlemeyi kendisine metot edinmi\u015fti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eldeki dilsel veriye bak\u0131p, bu dilsel veri i\u00e7inde \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler (patternlar) g\u00f6rmek ve bunlar\u0131 \u2018kurall\u0131 ve soyut\u2019 yap\u0131lara d\u00f6kmek olarak basitle\u015ftirerek tarif edebilece\u011fimiz bu pratik, dilbilimin o d\u00f6nemde bir formel disiplin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememize yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131salc\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yine yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilkyar\u0131s\u0131nda psikolojide bask\u0131n olan ve zihin, bilin\u00e7 gibi kavramlar\u0131 metafizik de\u011ferler addedip bilimsel olarak incelenemeyece\u011fini iddia eden ve bu sebeple yaln\u0131zca ve yaln\u0131zca canl\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkalar\u0131nca da g\u00f6zlemlenebilen davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlem malzemesi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ekol\u00fc, dili, bu dilsel \u00f6\u011felerin kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam boyunca \u201cpeki\u015ftirici \u00f6\u011frenme\u201d y\u00f6ntemiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k olarak ele al\u0131yordu. \u00dcnl\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 psikolog B. F. Skinner bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kullanarak, o zamana kadar psikolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan olduk\u00e7a ihtilafl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f olan dili, dilsel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi, bunun i\u00e7in davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir teori geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201cS\u00f6zel Davran\u0131\u015f (Verbal Behavior)\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 1957\u2019de yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Skinner, bu kitab\u0131nda dilin de asl\u0131nda yeni do\u011fan bir bebe\u011fin a\u011flamas\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuldu\u011funda g\u00f6zbebe\u011fimizin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesi vs. gibi refleksler olarak ele al\u0131nabilece\u011fini, daha kompleks refleksler ve\/ya ko\u015fullanmalar oldu\u011funu iddia ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu teoriye cevap olarak, ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 1957\u2019de \u201cSentaktik Yap\u0131lar (Syntactic Structures)\u201d ismi ile yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f olan Chomsky, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Skinner\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu kitab\u0131 \u00fczerine yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 sayfal\u0131k bir inceleme yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u0130lk kitab\u0131nda mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Emil Post\u2019un 1920\u2019lerde geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi fakat ilk kez 1943\u2019te yay\u0131nlayabildi\u011fi fikirlerinden esinlenerek yenidenyaz\u0131m kurallar\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015f (rewriting rules) ve bir dilin gramerinin betimlemelerinde bu yenidenyaz\u0131m kurallar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini, yeterli olmad\u0131klar\u0131 noktada nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere (transformation) ba\u015fvurulabilece\u011fini izah etmi\u015f olan Chomsky, Skinner\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ele\u015ftirisinde ni\u00e7in dilin, davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bir \u201cal\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d olarak ele al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dilin hiyerar\u015fik olarak yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n analoji ya da zihnin di\u011fer genel \u00f6\u011frenme mekanizmalar\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Chomsky\u2019ye g\u00f6re laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cpeki\u015ftirici \u00f6\u011frenme (reinforcement learning)\u201d gibi kavramlar b\u00f6ylesi karma\u015f\u0131k ve sembolik bir do\u011fal s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131klarken yeterli olamazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131k o tarihten itibaren Chomsky, 1964 ve \u00f6zellikle 1965\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri ve sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, dilbilimcinin sormas\u0131 gereken sorular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cDil zihinde nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor?\u201d, \u201cDili \u00e7ocuklar nas\u0131l edinmektedir, yani dil zihinde nas\u0131l varolagelmi\u015ftir?\u201d ve \u201cDil neden yaln\u0131zca insanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?\u201d sorular\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini \u00fcst\u00fcne basa basa belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla beraber dilbilim psikoloji \u2013ve spesifik olarak o y\u0131llarda \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan \u2018bili\u015fsel psikoloji\u2019 \u2014 ile olan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc psikologlar\u0131ndan olup Bili\u015fsel Devrim\u2019in ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 atanlardan biri olarak da anabilece\u011fimiz George Miller ile beraber Mathematical Psychology adl\u0131 akademik derginin ikinci say\u0131s\u0131nda, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir dizi makale yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Chomsky ve Miller, 1963). Bu makaleler, zihne dair, bili\u015fe dair olan dilbilimin ve psikolojinin metodolojisinin \u201cnas\u0131l\u201d olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerine olup, daha sonras\u0131nda dilbilim ve di\u011fer bili\u015fsel bilimlerde m\u00fchim bir yer tutacak olan yeti (competence) ve edim (performance) ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Asl\u0131nda Chomsky\u2019nin Miller ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 50\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131na de\u011fin uzan\u0131yor diyebiliriz.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine Chomsky\u2019nin 1965\u2019teki o \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u201cSentaks Teorisinin \u00d6zellikleri (Aspects of the Theory of Syntax)\u201dnde, d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n dili yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak ayn\u0131 vakitlerde, olduk\u00e7a benzer fazlardan ge\u00e7mek suretiyle ve \u201cgenel bir \u00f6\u011frenme mekanizmas\u0131yla \u00f6\u011freniyor olsalard\u0131, yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 bekleyebilece\u011fimiz cinsten hatalar yapmadan\u201d \u00f6\u011frenmelerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak ad\u0131na Evrensel Gramer (Universal Grammar) fikrini ortaya atarak, insan biyolojisinde genetik olarak, insan\u0131 dil \u00f6\u011frenmeye yatk\u0131n hale getiren bir yap\u0131lanman\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015f, bu da dilbilim ile biyoloji aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilbilimin ve genel olarak bili\u015fsel bilimlerin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u0131llarda bir yandan da yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftiriler olu\u015fuyordu. En ba\u015fta yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Peirce\u2019\u00fcn (1906) ortaya koydu\u011fu \u015fekilde type \/ token<\/em> ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmedi\u011fi ve yaln\u0131zca \u201ctoken<\/em>\u201dlere odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cdilin kendisine dair\u201d bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi gibi ele\u015ftiriler yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Chomsky, yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n dilbilimi, kendisinin betimleyici yeterlilik (descriptive adequacy) dedi\u011fi noktaya ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fakat a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 yeterlilikten (explanatory adequacy) yoksun kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 da olan dilbilimsel bir teorinin gereklili\u011fini vurguluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chomsky\u2019nin bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bili\u015fsel psikoloji ve biyoloji ile yak\u0131n, formel ve hatta deneysel a\u00e7\u0131dan keskin(strict) hatlara sahip bir dilbilim yarat\u0131yordu. Fakat Chomsky\u2019nin dilbilimi b\u00f6ylesi bir a\u00e7\u0131dan ele almas\u0131, onu bir do\u011fabilimi olarak g\u00f6rmesi dilin tarihsel veya sosyal yan\u0131yla ilgilenenler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra dilin yaln\u0131zca matematiksel\/formel olarak incelenmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ve bunu da dilsel nesnelerin soyut oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla deneysel olarak incelenemeyecekleri fikrini savunan dilbilimsel realizme dayand\u0131ran baz\u0131 ele\u015ftiriler de vard\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Jerrold Katz\u2019\u0131n 1981 ve 1984 tarihli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131). Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere cevap olarak ve kendi ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 paradigman\u0131n epistemolojik ve ontolojik temellerini izah etmek i\u00e7in Chomsky, 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cDilin Bilgisi (Knowledge of Language)\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlay\u0131p, dilbilimde uzun y\u0131llar dilbilim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ilk \u00f6\u011frendikleri konulardan biri olan D-Dil ve \u0130-Dil (E-Language \/ I-Language) ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar, dili incelemenin bir\u00e7ok yolu olabilece\u011fi, bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fsal ve i\u00e7sel olmak \u00fczereye ikiye ayr\u0131labilece\u011fini, sosyal ve tarihsel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fsal, psikolojik, biyolojik ve bili\u015fsel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nsa i\u00e7sel kategorilerinde ele al\u0131nabilece\u011fini, Chomsky\u2019nin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc metot ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesininse a\u015fikar olarak \u0130\u00e7sel-Dil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Burada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir not d\u00fc\u015ferek bu D-Dil ve \u0130-Dil ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n az \u00f6nce bahsetti\u011fimiz yeti ve edim ayr\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtelim. Yeti ve edim ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u0130\u00e7sel-Dil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan, t\u00fcm bili\u015fsel bilimde, bilgisayarla benzetme yap\u0131larak donan\u0131m\/yaz\u0131l\u0131m (hardware\/software) ayr\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilbilimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llarda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bu de\u011fi\u015fimler ve yeni temellerle devam etti. Eric Lenneberg (1967), Chomsky (1995) \u2013ve sonras\u0131nda Minimalist Program\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma-, Lyle Jenkins (2001) ve bunlar\u0131 takip eden pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma disiplinleraras\u0131 bir alan olarak, bu biyoloji ve dilbilimin kesi\u015fti\u011fi noktaya, biolinguistik ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fler ve s\u00f6zkonusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bu alana dair veyahut direkt bu alandaki klasikler olarak yerlerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu perspektif, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile birlikte dilbilim alan\u0131nda bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilbilimin bili\u015fsel bilim i\u00e7indeki bu konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131, inan\u0131lmaz \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte yeni, metodolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u2018sa\u011flam\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131na ve bulgulara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. Peki t\u00fcm bu paradigma, ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7er\u00e7evesi ve y\u00f6nelim g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki dilbilimcilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun do\u011fabilimci oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilir miyiz? Buna, \u00fcz\u00fclerek, hay\u0131r cevab\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fim. Evet, bug\u00fcn dilbilimciler e\u011fer isterlerse <\/em>Chomsky\u2019nin ortaya koydu\u011fu bu \u00e7er\u00e7evenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir imkan olarak do\u011fabilimsel metotlara, daha biyolojik (spesifik olarak n\u00f6robiyolojik veya genetik) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara y\u00f6nelebiliyorlar fakat dilbilim e\u011fitimi ya da dilbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n varsay\u0131lan ayar\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> (default) halen do\u011fabilimsel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Hatta enteresan olarak, Chomsky\u2019nin kendisi dahi tamamen formel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, psikodilbilim ya da n\u00f6rodilbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun (hatta san\u0131yorum ki t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn) yeti ile de\u011fil edim ile ilgili oldu\u011funu, halbuki bili\u015fsel bir dil teorisinin yeti ile ilgilenmesi gerekti\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dilbilimin kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu tarz bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, dilbilimi dilsel veriyi a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00fczere olu\u015fturulan formel, kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 aksiyomatik teorilerin \u2018bilimi\u2019 k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, her ne kadar deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fsa da dilbilimin kanonik<\/em> (canonical) olarak deneysel bir alan olmas\u0131n\u0131 da aksatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat bili\u015fsel bilimin genelinde ve dilbilimde de\u011fi\u015fen \u00e7ehre, yaz\u0131l\u0131m \/ donan\u0131m ve yeti \/ edim ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n silikle\u015fmesi ve hatta kimilerince tamamen gereksiz ayr\u0131mlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeleri gibi geli\u015fmelerle bu durumun de\u011fi\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu ve belki de \u00e7oktan de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale gelmi\u015ftir. Dilbilime bu tarz bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ne kadar b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl ve \u015fimdiye dek zannedilenin aksine, ne kadar da a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir teori ortaya koydu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in Christiansen ve Chater\u2019in 2016 tarihli \u201cCreating Language (Dil Yaratmak)\u201d kitab\u0131na bak\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of BF Skinner\u2019s Verbal behavior. Language, 35 (1), 26\u201358.
Chomsky, N. Miller, George A. (1963). \u201cIntroduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages\u201d. In R.R. Bush and E. Galanter and R.D. Luce (ed.). Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. 2. Wiley. pp. 269\u2013321.
Chomsky, Noam A. (1964). Current issues in linguistic theory. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The M.I.T. Press.
Chomsky, Noam A. (1986). Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use. Praeger, New York.
Chomsky, Noam. (1995) The minimalist program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Christiansen, Morten H., Chater, Nick. (2016). Creating language: Integrating evolution, acquisition, and processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fischer, Steven R,. (2004) A History of Language. Reaktion Books. Jackendoff, Ray. (2002). Foundations of Language. OUP.
Jenkins, L. (2000). Biolinguistics: Exploring the Biology of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Katz, Jerrold J. (1981) Language and other abstract objects. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield
Katz, Jerrold J. (1984). An outline of platonist grammar. In Thomas G. Bever, John M.
Langendoen , D. T. and Postal, P. M., (1984) The vastness of natural languages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,. Pp. ix + 189
Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Peirce , Charles Sanders. (1906) Prolegomena to an apology for pragmaticism, Monist, vol.16, pp. 492\u2013546.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. (1916) Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale,
Skinner, B. Frederick. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130leri Okuma \u00d6nerileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dilbilim tarihi, dilbilimin kapsam\u0131 ve anahatlar\u0131yla dilbilim gibi konular i\u00e7in pop\u00fcler d\u00fczeyde giri\u015f eseri olarak Steven R. Fischer\u2019in \u201cDilin Tarihi (History of Language)\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerebiliriz. Dilbilime ve \u201cdilbilimcili\u011fe\u201d giri\u015f i\u00e7inse Fromkin, Rodman ve Hyams\u2019\u0131n \u201cAn Introduction to Language\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131, e\u011fer daha k\u0131sa bir kitap aran\u0131yorsa George Yule\u2019un \u201cThe Study of Language\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye ederiz. Bunu yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Chomsky\u2019nin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan kaynak\u00e7ada belirttiklerimizin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u201cDo\u011fa ve Dil \u00dczerine (On Nature and Language)\u201d kitab\u0131 da bu konuyla ilgilenenler i\u00e7in keyifli ve bilgilendirici olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan dilbilimin psikoloji ve n\u00f6robilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla entegrasyonu konusuna ilgi duyanlar i\u00e7in Ray Jackendoff\u2019un 2002 tarihli \u201cFoundations of Language\u201d kitab\u0131 ve yine metinde de kaynak\u00e7ada da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Morten Christiansen ve Nick Chater\u2019in \u201cCreating Language\u201d kitab\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":810,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[98,94,93,63,101,691,64,92,87,272,62,74,88,89,711,75,271,351,726],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-809","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-bilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-biology","event_publishing_tags-biyoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-dil","event_publishing_tags-dil-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-dilbilim","event_publishing_tags-felsefe","event_publishing_tags-language","event_publishing_tags-linguistics","event_publishing_tags-phillang","event_publishing_tags-philosophy","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-language","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-science","event_publishing_tags-philsci","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/809","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/809\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=809"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}