{"id":2170,"date":"2024-03-28T15:00:38","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T15:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2170"},"modified":"2025-09-20T14:22:14","modified_gmt":"2025-09-20T14:22:14","slug":"sosyal-medya-kullanimi-sinir-sistemimizi-nasil-etkiliyor-neslihan-caliskan","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/sosyal-medya-kullanimi-sinir-sistemimizi-nasil-etkiliyor-neslihan-caliskan\/","title":{"rendered":"Sosyal Medya Kullan\u0131m\u0131 Sinir Sistemimizi Nas\u0131l Etkiliyor? \u2014 Neslihan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Neslihan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan University of South Florida\u2019dan psikoloji mezunu. \u00d6\u011frencilik d\u00f6nemi boyunca ve sonras\u0131nda dil alg\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine bili\u015fsel sinirbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapan bir laboratuvarda EEG ve g\u00f6z izleme y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bug\u00fcnlerde klinik psikoloji ve klinik sinirbilime ilgi duymakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda sosyal medya, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. \u0130ster Instagram\u2019da gezinirken, Twitter ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yenilerken veya (e\u011fer bendeniz gibi yeterince ya\u015fl\u0131ysan\u0131z) Facebook g\u00fcndemini kontrol ederken, s\u0131k s\u0131k ekranlar\u0131m\u0131za yap\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz ve bazen bunun fark\u0131na bile varm\u0131yoruz. Ancak sosyal medya ile etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7ti\u011fimizde beynimizde neler oluyor ve bu ruh halimizi nas\u0131l etkiliyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunu anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle beynin \u00f6d\u00fcl mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 incelememiz gerekiyor. \u00d6d\u00fcller beynimizin \u00e7evreyle \u00e7e\u015fitli uyaranlar arac\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131yla ba\u011f kurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kurulan bu ba\u011f\u0131n peki\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Bahsi ge\u00e7en uyaranlar kimyasal, durumsal, olaysal veya bir aktiviteye ba\u011fl\u0131 olabilir (Lewis, G. ve di\u011ferleri, 2022). \u00d6d\u00fclleri i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran mekanizman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi ili\u015fkin, heterojen n\u00f6rotransmitterlerin uyumlu bir \u015fekilde sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu n\u00f6rotransmitterlerin en me\u015fhur olan\u0131 dopamindir<\/em>. Dopamin t\u00fcketece\u011fimiz besinden, sosyal etkile\u015fimlerimize kadar pek \u00e7ok durumu de\u011ferlendirmemizde ve kendilerine bir \u00f6d\u00fcl de\u011feri bi\u00e7memizde belirleyici, temel bir rol oynar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bahsi ge\u00e7en arg\u00fcmana dair verilebilecek en bilindik \u00f6rnek pek \u00e7o\u011fumuz taraf\u0131ndan bilinen bilim insan\u0131 ve psikolog B.F Skinner\u2019\u0131n edimsel ko\u015fullama \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerdir. Skinner\u2019\u0131n edimsel ko\u015fullama \u00fczerine iki arg\u00fcman\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birincisi insan veya hayvan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015finin bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evre ile ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu, ikincisi ise bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yine ayn\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n tekrar edilip edilmeyece\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fudur. Bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 yerine getirdikten sonra haz duyuyorsak, o davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 tekrarlama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, sonucundan haz duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir davran\u0131\u015fa k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. E\u011fer bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sonucu bize haz veriyorsa ve bu da ayn\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 tekrarlama ihtimalimizi peki\u015ftiriyorsa, <\/em>buna olumlu peki\u015ftire\u00e7 diyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skinner yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerde a\u00e7 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fareleri (kula\u011fa biraz zalimce geldi\u011finin fark\u0131nday\u0131m) Skinner Kutusu olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekanizmaya yerle\u015ftirir ve kutunun bir ucunda bir kald\u0131ra\u00e7 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Fareler kald\u0131ra\u00e7a \u00e7abuk\u00e7a \u00e7arpt\u0131klar\u0131nda haznenin i\u00e7inden yemek d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u015ffederler ve bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 tekrarlama e\u011filiminde olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleniyordu. Yani kald\u0131raca \u00e7arpma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, yemek \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcyle birle\u015fince bir olumlu peki\u015fme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. Peki ya tam tersi? Diyelim ki, bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z sonucu bize haz vermeyen, aksine bize ac\u0131 veren bir uyaran ortadan kalk\u0131yor. Bu durumda yine ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fimiz davran\u0131\u015f peki\u015fir, buna da olumsuz peki\u015ftire\u00e7 diyoruz. Skinner olumsuz peki\u015fmeyi g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla, fareleri bu sefer i\u00e7inde elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 olan bir kutuya yerle\u015ftirdi. Fareler yine k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde kald\u0131raca bast\u0131klar\u0131nda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kesildi\u011fini fark ettiler. Bu da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde farelerin kald\u0131raca basma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
McLeod\u2019dan (2007) uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sonras\u0131nda fareler \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ise bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00f6d\u00fcl mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 daha bir incelikle inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Hernandez ve Hoebel taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a farelerin beyinlerindeki dopamin miktar\u0131n\u0131, n\u00fckleuslar\u0131nda salg\u0131lanan dopaminin mikrodiyalizini inceleyerek yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz (1988). Farelerin beyinlerindeki ekstrasel\u00fcler dopamin sal\u0131m\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 Skinner\u2019\u0131n kutu deneylerine benzer bir \u015fekilde kald\u0131ra\u00e7a bast\u0131klar\u0131nda yemek \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc almalar\u0131yla, farkl\u0131 olarak da beynin lateral hipotalamus adl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan yemek-\u00f6d\u00fcl mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n elektriksel uyar\u0131m\u0131yla veya farelerin kendilerine amfetamin veya kokain verdiklerinde nukleus accumbens b\u00f6lgelerindeki dopamin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 incelediler. \u00d6zetlemek gerekirse, her bir durumda farelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 peki\u015fmi\u015f ve beyinlerindeki dopamin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en ilgin\u00e7 bulgular\u0131ndan biri ise amfetamin ve kokain arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen davran\u0131\u015f peki\u015ftirme sistemi, yemek t\u00fckedildi\u011finde de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f, bu da yemek yemenin de benzer bir \u015fekilde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fine ve yeme bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan sinirbilimsel etkilere dair bir ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belki \u015fimdiye kadar i\u00e7inizden ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olabilirsiniz, peki sosyal medya kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bunlarla ne alakas\u0131 var?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131yla etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7ti\u011fimizde, beynimiz s\u00fcrekli olarak uyar\u0131c\u0131 bir ak\u0131\u015fla payla\u015f\u0131m bombard\u0131man\u0131na tutulur \u2014 be\u011feniler, yorumlar ve bildirimler. \u0130llaki hepimiz bir kez dahi de olsa sevdi\u011fimiz bir arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdan gelen bir be\u011feni ve yorumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa bir mutluluk ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f\u0131zd\u0131r. Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen her bir etkile\u015fim, beynimizdeki dopamin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. Skinner\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu deneyleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fumuzda dopamin, s\u00fcrekli daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 istememizi te\u015fvik edici bir rol oynar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta, az \u00f6nce bahsi ge\u00e7en uyu\u015fturucu deneylerine k\u0131yasla sosyal medya kullan\u0131m\u0131 nispeten daha zarars\u0131z bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir. Sonu\u00e7ta, kim son g\u00f6nderisindeki bir be\u011feni veya yorumdan zaman zaman gelen dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sevmez ki? Ancak, sosyal medya kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ve tekrarlay\u0131c\u0131 hale geldi\u011finde, yani beynimiz olumlu peki\u015ftire\u00e7 ya\u011fmuruna tutuldu\u011funda, sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar ve beynimizin \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemi ele ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skinner\u2019\u0131n olumlu ve olumsuz peki\u015ftire\u00e7 kavramlar\u0131ndan bahsederken en g\u00fczelini \u015fimdiye saklad\u0131m: de\u011fi\u015fken aral\u0131kl\u0131 peki\u015ftirme. Bahsi ge\u00e7en spesifik peki\u015ftirme t\u00fcr\u00fc en yayg\u0131n olarak kumar makinelerine olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kta g\u00f6zlemlenir. Kumar makinesine s\u0131rf meraktan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarda bir para koyars\u0131n\u0131z ve makinenin kolunu bir s\u00fcre \u00e7ekersiniz, bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131za bir s\u00fcre devam edersiniz ama hi\u00e7bir \u015fey olmaz ve can\u0131n\u0131z s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Tam makinenin ba\u015f\u0131ndan kalkacakken hi\u00e7 beklemedi\u011finiz bir anda makineden y\u00fcksek sesler \u00e7\u0131kar, ekran \u0131\u015f\u0131l \u0131\u015f\u0131l olur, sonunda paran\u0131z\u0131 ikiye hatta \u00fc\u00e7e katlam\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r. Harika, de\u011fil mi?! Asl\u0131nda, pek de \u00f6yle de\u011fil. Paran\u0131z\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7e katlaman\u0131n verdi\u011fi \u00f6z g\u00fcvenle makinenin ba\u015f\u0131ndan kalkmaz ve oynamaya devam edersiniz. Kolu \u00e7ekmenin art\u0131k bir \u00f6nemi yoktur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eninde sonunda yine \u00f6d\u00fcl alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 beklersiniz. Makineye daha fazla para yat\u0131r\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z, yat\u0131rd\u0131k\u00e7a daha b\u00fcy\u00fck beklenti i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fersiniz. G\u00fcn sonunda, arada gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kazan\u00e7lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok para kaybetmi\u015f olabilirsiniz. Yani, kumar makinesinin size sunmu\u015f oldu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fken aral\u0131kl\u0131 peki\u015ftirme tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kumar makinesinin kolunu her \u00e7ekti\u011finizde, daha \u00f6nce olmad\u0131 ama bu sefer olacak<\/em> hissine kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r art\u0131k ve bu hisse yenik d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal medya kullan\u0131m\u0131na da benzer bir sistem hakimdir. Size ne zaman bildirim gelece\u011fini bilmezsiniz. Ya da t\u00fcm g\u00fcn reels sekmesini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kayd\u0131r\u0131rken, bu sefer ilgimi \u00e7ekecek bir \u015fey bulaca\u011f\u0131m<\/em> hissinden koparamazs\u0131n\u0131z kendinizi, b\u00f6ylelikle ben diyeyim 100 siz deyin 1000 reels\u2019i tek oturu\u015fta izleyebilirsiniz. Bu y\u00fczden bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u00f6nmesi \u00e7ok zordur. Buradaki peki\u015fme rastgeledir. Neyin ne zaman, ne kadar zevk verece\u011fini bilemezsiniz. Bu sebeple hep beklenti i\u00e7inde olursunuz ve telefonu bir kenara b\u0131rakmakta zorlan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle, telefonunuzu elinize ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bildirim olabilir de olmayabilir de. Ama, bir bildirim varsa, bu bilinmezli\u011fin do\u011furdu\u011fu dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazla olur. Fakat, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde dopaminin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ne kadar \u00e7abuksa, etkisinin s\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de bir o kadar \u00e7abuktur. B\u00f6ylelikle k\u0131s\u0131r bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcye girip kendimizi s\u00fcrekli telefonu elimize al\u0131rken buluruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
Mac\u00eft ve di\u011ferlerinden (2018) uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hou ve ekip arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2019) taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinin sosyal medya kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, sosyal medyan\u0131n uzun vadede \u00f6\u011frencilerin okul performans\u0131n\u0131 ve psikolojik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Makale insanlar\u0131n aidiyet duygusuna dair sahip oldu\u011fu temel ihtiyac\u0131ndan ve sosyal medyan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte bu ki\u015fileraras\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 nas\u0131l dijitalle\u015ftirdi\u011fimize dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, psikolojik sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerinde olmayan ve ki\u015filik de\u011fer alg\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bireylerin sosyal medyay\u0131 as\u0131l hayatlar\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ki\u015fileraras\u0131 etkile\u015fimin yerine kendilerini iyi hissetmek amac\u0131yla kulland\u0131klar\u0131 fakat bunun eninde sonunda ki\u015filerin kendilerini daha k\u00f6t\u00fc hissetmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor (Zywica ve Danowski, 2008; Caplan, 2010; Hou ve di\u011ferleri, 2019). T\u00fcm bu bulgulara ek olarak kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok sevdikleri influencerlar\u2019\u0131, hayatlar\u0131ndaki en sevdikleri arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve pek de kendilerine yak\u0131n hissetmedikleri insanlar\u0131 s\u0131ralad\u0131klar\u0131 bir EEG \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor ki sosyal medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131nan ki\u015filer, her ne kadar yak\u0131n ve g\u00fcvenilir gelse de, ger\u00e7ek bir arkada\u015f\u0131n yerini tutam\u0131yor. Olaya ili\u015fkin potansiyellerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, ki\u015filerin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 isimler uyaran olarak sunuldu\u011fundan 400 milisaniye sonras\u0131nda kafatas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011f ve sol frontal ve temporofrontal b\u00f6lgelerinde bir negatif ak\u0131m yo\u011funlu\u011fu oldu\u011fu ve bu ak\u0131m\u0131n frekans\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek arkada\u015f isimleri ve sevilen influencerlar\u0131n isimleri sunuldu\u011funda farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tespit ediliyor. K\u0131sacas\u0131, her ne kadar sosyal medyada vakit ge\u00e7irsek ve orada kendimize bir \u00e7evre edinsek de tam anlam\u0131yla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze bulu\u015ftu\u011fumuz, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z gibisi ger\u00e7ekten yok. Yani siz siz olun, telefonu elinize almadan \u00f6nce iki kere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki hayat\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n tad\u0131na varmaya bak\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brown, R. I. F. (1986). Arousal and Sensation-Seeking Components in the General Explanation of Gambling and Gambling Addictions. International Journal of the Addictions, 21(9\u201310), 1001\u20131016. doi:10.3109\/10826088609077<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1089\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2010<\/a> .03.012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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