{"id":2162,"date":"2024-02-29T15:00:55","date_gmt":"2024-02-29T15:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2162"},"modified":"2025-09-20T14:20:17","modified_gmt":"2025-09-20T14:20:17","slug":"bellek-bilincli-bir-sekilde-bastirilabilir-mi-feyzanur-polat","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/bellek-bilincli-bir-sekilde-bastirilabilir-mi-feyzanur-polat\/","title":{"rendered":"Bellek Bilin\u00e7li Bir \u015eekilde Bast\u0131r\u0131labilir Mi? \u2014 Feyzanur Polat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Feyzanur Polat, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Psikoloji son s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6\u011frencisi, y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131n\u0131 n\u00f6ropsikoloji veya bili\u015fsel n\u00f6robilim \u00fczerine yapmak istiyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sizi rahats\u0131z eden an\u0131lar\u0131 silmek ister miydiniz, t\u0131pk\u0131 Eternal Sunshine of The Spotless Mind (2004) <\/em>filminde oldu\u011fu gibi? Bellek ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ve psikologlar uzun bir s\u00fcreden bu yana bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek<\/em> (repressed memory) <\/em>\u00fczerine <\/em>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Literat\u00fcrde bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek, travmatize olmu\u015f ya da \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda duygusal olarak a\u011f\u0131r olaylara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin olayla ilgili an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131rmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, son y\u0131llarda bellekteki bilgilerin bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi de kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bili\u015fsel n\u00f6robilim alan\u0131n\u0131n en ilgi \u00e7ekici konular\u0131ndan biri olan bellek \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n hayret verici bir ba\u015fka dal\u0131n\u0131 inceleyelim: Bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek<\/em> (supressed memory<\/em>). Filmde ge\u00e7en olaylar ger\u00e7ekte ya\u015fanabilir mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek, travmatik olaylar ya\u015fayan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan duygusal bir savunma mekanizmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (Battista ve di\u011ferleri, 2023; Freud, 1893). Bu olgu, travmatik bir an\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7teki bilgilere eri\u015fimini engelleyerek saklanabilece\u011fi \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r (Patihis et al., 2018). Psikanalistlere g\u00f6re bast\u0131rma<\/em> (repression<\/em>), ki\u015fi i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla \u015fok edici ve ki\u015fiye belle\u011finde an\u0131lar\u0131 tutmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek kadar zarar veren olaylar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onun bu an\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya meyilli olmas\u0131 ve hi\u00e7 ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f gibi hayat\u0131na devam etme durumudur (Loftus, 1993). \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda cinsel ya da fiziksel \u015fiddet yoluyla istismara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bu an\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya meyilli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Blum, 2003). Freud\u2019a g\u00f6re travmatik an\u0131lara g\u00fcd\u00fclenmi\u015f unutma<\/em> (motivated forgetting<\/em>) sebebiyle eri\u015filememektedir. Breuer ve Freud, Studies on Hysteria <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ki\u015finin hayat\u0131 boyunca ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131n travmatik belle\u011fini bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (1895). Histeri \u00fczerine fazlas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Freud, yeti\u015fkin nevrozlar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ocuklukta ya\u015fan\u0131lan cinsel deneyimlerin edinilmi\u015f ve bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirmi\u015ftir (Boag, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek; etik kurallar\u0131, s\u00fcbjektif yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor bir konu olmas\u0131 sebebiyle uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konu olmu\u015ftur (Anderson ve Green, 2001). Bellek ve dikkat \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015fsal ve n\u00f6robiyolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc i\u015flevlerin kontrol mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n dikkat da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 uyaranlar\u0131 en aza indirmeyi ve uyaranlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f cevaplar\u0131 engellemeyi y\u00f6netti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Chao ve Knight, 1995; Dagenbach ve Carr, 1994). Bu noktadan hareketle, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek konusunun bili\u015fsel n\u00f6robilim ve psikoloji alan\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla incelenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Anderson ve Green, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc i\u015flevlerin kontrol s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin belle\u011fin bilin\u00e7li olarak bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir mekanizma sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (2001). Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, bu mekanizma Freud\u2019un bast\u0131rma (repression<\/em>) kavram\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak incelenmi\u015f ve bu kavram i\u00e7in \u201csupression<\/em>\u201d kelimesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (2001). Anderson ve Green y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc i\u015flev kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flanarak belle\u011fin bast\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi hipotezlerini test etmek i\u00e7in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn-D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme Paradigmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131<\/em> [Think\/ No Think (TNT<\/em>)] olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r (2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engelleyici kontrol<\/em> (inhibitory control<\/em>), organizmalar\u0131n belirli \u00f6zelliklerini se\u00e7erek ve bunlar\u0131 destekleyen temsil veya s\u00fcre\u00e7leri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, an\u0131lar\u0131 veya duygular\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bili\u015fsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (Anderson ve Hulbert, 2021). Bu i\u015flevsel amac\u0131n ana odak noktas\u0131 belle\u011fi geri getirme s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcdahaleyi \u00e7\u00f6zmek olsa da, engelleyici kontrol\u00fcn istenmeyen an\u0131lar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda da etkili olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Hulbert ve Anderson, 2020). Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla, g\u00fcd\u00fclenmi\u015f unutmaya izin veren bili\u015fsel kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir kombinasyonu olan haf\u0131za kontrol\u00fc<\/em> (memory control<\/em>) terimi ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (2020). Bununla birlikte, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 haf\u0131za kontrol\u00fc yani bast\u0131rma s\u0131ras\u0131nda hipokampusun aktivasyonunda g\u00f6r\u00fclen azalman\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgenin fonksiyonlar\u0131ndaki bozulma ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Yan ve di\u011ferleri, 2023). Bu nedenle haf\u0131zay\u0131 bast\u0131rma eyleminin, istenmeyen bir haf\u0131zan\u0131n hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 sinir yollar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen aktif bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bast\u0131rma Kaynakl\u0131 Unutma Teorisi<\/em> [Supression-Induced Forgetting (SIF)<\/em>], ho\u015f olmayan hat\u0131rlatmalarla sunuldu\u011funda ki\u015finin hat\u0131rlamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131 unutma e\u011filimi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (2021). Son yirmi y\u0131lda, bast\u0131rman\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu unutma, geri getirmenin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\/D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeme (TNT) g\u00f6revi kullan\u0131larak incelenmi\u015ftir (2001). TNT paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015fsal etkilere ampirik bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flayarak haf\u0131za bast\u0131rmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir (Yan ve di\u011ferleri, 2023). Paradigma \u00fc\u00e7 ana a\u015famaya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: kodlama (study-feedback phase<\/em>), kritik TNT (TNT phase<\/em>) ve s\u00fcrpriz haf\u0131za testi (memory test phase)<\/em>. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara, kodlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda kriterlere g\u00f6re bir dizi ipucu-hedef (cue-target<\/em>) kelime kombinasyonunu ezberlemeleri talimat\u0131 verilir. TNT a\u015famas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ve temel (baseline<\/em>) olmak \u00fczere 3 ko\u015ful bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ekranda ipucu olan kelimeleri ye\u015fil ya da k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk puntolu g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. E\u011fer ipucu olan kelime ye\u015fil ise kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan kelimenin daha \u00f6nceden e\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu hedef kelimeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleri istenir. E\u011fer ipucu kelime k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli ise, hedef kelimeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemeleri talimat\u0131 verilir. Temel kelimeler ise puntosuz bir \u015fekilde gelir ve kontrol olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Son olarak s\u00fcrpriz bir haf\u0131za testi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada hat\u0131rlanan kelime say\u0131s\u0131 temel kelimelerin hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131ndan az ise bu durum SIF olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; yani bellek bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organik amnezi, hipokampus gibi haf\u0131za s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini i\u00e7eren beyin yap\u0131lar\u0131na gelen bir zarardan kaynaklanan bellekte \u015fiddetli bir kay\u0131p olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (Cipolotti ve Bird, 2006; Huppert ve Piercy, 1979). \u00dcnl\u00fc vakalardan olan H.M[1]<\/a>., epilepsiden muzdarip bir hastad\u0131r. H.M.\u2019nin \u015fiddetli epileptik ataklar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi elektriksel dengesizlik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve hipokamp\u00fcsleri ameliyatla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1979; Scoville ve Milner, 1957; Squire, 2009). Bu ameliyat sonras\u0131nda, hipokamp\u00fcs\u00fcn haf\u0131za i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ameliyat\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, H.M. yeni an\u0131lar olu\u015fturma becerisini yitirmi\u015f yani ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck amneziye sahip olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bir\u00e7ok an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da yitirerek ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fck amneziden de muzdarip olmu\u015ftur (Anderson ve Subbulakshmi, 2023). \u00d6te yandan, yap\u0131lan fMRI \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 TNT Paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n No-Think<\/em> ko\u015fulu s\u0131ras\u0131nda hipokamp\u00fcste aktivasyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (2023). Bu bulgular hipokampus\u00fcn inhibe edilmesiyle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerde de amnezi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek bili\u015fsel bilimler, n\u00f6robilim ve psikoloji alanlar\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar boyunca \u00e7ok\u00e7a \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir konudur. Travmatik olaylara maruz kalan bireylerin duygusal savunma mekanizmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bellek fenomeni, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda an\u0131lar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla karakterizedir. Bili\u015fsel psikoloji alan\u0131na yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flayan TNT paradigmas\u0131 sayesinde, bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde belle\u011fin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kontrol edilmesi incelenmi\u015f; engelleyici kontrol\u00fcn istenmeyen an\u0131lar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili oldu\u011fu ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Hipokampus aktivasyonundaki azalma ile ili\u015fkilendirilen haf\u0131za bast\u0131rma eylemi, bast\u0131rma kaynakl\u0131 unutma teorisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Bu bulgular, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f belle\u011fin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bili\u015fsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini anlamak ad\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Henry Molaison vakas\u0131. (E.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anderson MC, Green C. 2001. Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature 410:131\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anderson, M. C., & Hulbert, J. C. (2021). Active forgetting: Adaptation of memory by prefrontal control. annual review of psychology<\/em>, 72<\/em>, 1\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anderson, M. C., & Subbulakshmi, S. (2024). Amnesia in healthy people via hippocampal inhibition: A new forgetting mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology<\/em>, 77<\/em>(1), 1\u201313.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Battista, F., Mangiulli, I., Patihis, L., Dodier, O., Curci, A., Lanciano, T., & Otgaar, H. (2023). A Scientometric and Descriptive Review on the Debate about Repressed Memories and Traumatic Forgetting. Journal of Anxiety Disorders<\/em>, 102733.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blum, H. P. (2003). Repression, transference, and reconstruction. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis<\/em>, 84<\/em>(3), 497\u2013503.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boag, S. (2006). Freudian repression, the common view, and pathological science. Review of General Psychology<\/em>, 10<\/em>(1), 74\u201386.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chao, L. L. & Knight, R. T. Human prefrontal lesions increase distractibility to irrelevant sensory inputs. Cog. Neurosci. Neuropsychol. 6, 1605\u00b11610 (1995).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cipolotti, L., & Bird, C. M. (2006). Amnesia and the hippocampus. Current opinion in neurology<\/em>, 19<\/em>(6), 593\u2013598.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dagenbach, D. & Carr, T. H. (eds) Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language(Academic, San Diego, 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freud, S. (1893). \u00dcber den psychischen mechanismus der hysterischen ph nomene [About the psychological mechanism of the hysterical phenomena]. Wiener klinische Rundschau, 4, 121\u2013126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hulbert, J. C., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Does retrieving a memory insulate it against memory inhibition? A retroactive interference study. Memory<\/em>, 28<\/em>(3), 293\u2013308.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Huppert, F. A., & Piercy, M. (1979). Normal and abnormal forgetting in organic amnesia: effect of locus of lesion. Cortex<\/em>, 15<\/em>(3), 385\u2013390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American psychologist<\/em>, 48<\/em>(5), 518.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patihis, L., Ho, L. Y., Loftus, E. F., & Herrera, M. E. (2021). Memory experts\u2019 beliefs about repressed memory. Memory<\/em>, 29<\/em>(6), 823\u2013828.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry<\/em>, 20<\/em>(1), 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Squire, L. R. (2009). The legacy of patient HM for neuroscience. Neuron<\/em>, 61<\/em>(1), 6\u20139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yan, Y., Hulbert, J. C., Zhuang, K., Liu, W., Wei, D., Qiu, J., \u2026 & Yang, W. (2023). Reduced hippocampal-cortical connectivity during memory suppression predicts the ability to forget unwanted memories. Cerebral Cortex<\/em>, 33<\/em>(8), 4189\u20134201.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2163,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[840,138,94,91,93,234,691,64,90,233,92,251,137,76,80,81,96],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2162","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-ani","event_publishing_tags-bellek","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-hafiza","event_publishing_tags-memory","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2162\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2162"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}