{"id":2125,"date":"2023-09-13T15:00:22","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T15:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2125"},"modified":"2025-09-20T13:58:16","modified_gmt":"2025-09-20T13:58:16","slug":"elektriksel-uyarimla-bellegi-module-etmek-mumkun-mudur-tuba-akturk","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/elektriksel-uyarimla-bellegi-module-etmek-mumkun-mudur-tuba-akturk\/","title":{"rendered":"Elektriksel Uyar\u0131mla Belle\u011fi Mod\u00fcle Etmek M\u00fcmk\u00fcn M\u00fcd\u00fcr? \u2014 Tuba Akt\u00fcrk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tuba Akt\u00fcrk, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ift doktoras\u0131n\u0131 N\u00f6robilim alan\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Medipol \u00dcniversitesinde ve Kognitif Sinirbilim alan\u0131nda Maastricht \u00dcniversitesinde tamamlad\u0131. \u015eu anda \u0130stanbul Medipol \u00dcniversitesinde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir. <\/em>Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilim ve Teknolojileri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde<\/em><\/a> n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyonun beyin osilasyonlar\u0131na ve bellek ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bili\u015fsel s\u00fcre\u00e7ler \u00fczerine etkileri konusundaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Ana ara\u015ft\u0131rma alanlar\u0131 EEG-beyin osilasyonlar\u0131, EEG-sinyal analizi ve non-invaziv beyin uyar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleridir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6romod\u00fclasyon, beynin s\u00fcregiden, ola\u011fan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklinin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini i\u00e7eren y\u00f6ntemlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Esasen farmakolojik tedaviler (ila\u00e7lar), rehabilitasyon m\u00fcdahaleleri, psikoterapiler de bir \u00e7e\u015fit n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyondur. Ancak bir\u00e7ok durumda bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar tek ba\u015f\u0131na yetersiz kalabilir ve\/veya yan etkileri sebebiyle zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir. Bu noktada, g\u00f6rece yeni ve olduk\u00e7a umut vaat eden bir y\u00f6ntem olan invazif (giri\u015fimsel) olmayan beyin uyar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleriyle n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyon kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki modern beyin uyar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri, kafatas\u0131 \u00fczerinden uygulanan (transkraniyal) elektrik ak\u0131m veya manyetik alan yoluyla beynin halihaz\u0131rdaki n\u00f6ral aktivitesine m\u00fcdahale ederek istenen \u015fekilde manip\u00fcle etme esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r (Antal ve Herrmann, 2016; Antal ve Paulus, 2013; Lefaucheur vd., 2017; Nitsche vd., 2008). Modern transkraniyal elektrik uyar\u0131m kavram\u0131 nispeten gen\u00e7 olsa da asl\u0131nda beyin aktivitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131 kullanma fikrinin arkas\u0131nda birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k tarih vard\u0131r. Antik Yunan d\u00f6neminden, Plato ve Aristoteles\u2019in torpedo bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n elektrik de\u015farjlar\u0131n\u0131n tedavi edici etkisinden bahsetti\u011fi bilinmektedir (Sarmiento vd., 2016). Tarihteki ilk \u00f6rneklerinde elektrik bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kafa \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilerek a\u011fr\u0131, depresyon, epilepsi gibi baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret eden \u00f6rneklere rastlanmaktad\u0131r (Sarmiento vd., 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern elektrik uyar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan \u015fekli ile, n\u00f6ronal a\u011flar\u0131n aktivasyonunu etkileyebilir ancak var olmayan n\u00f6ronal aktiviteyi ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fildir; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131, var olan n\u00f6ral aktivasyonun mod\u00fclasyonu \u00fczerindendir. Yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda genellikle transkraniyal elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n iki yayg\u0131n formu kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: Bunlardan birisi yerle\u015ftirilen elektrotlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile alternatif<\/em> ak\u0131m ileten formu (transkraniyal alternatif ak\u0131m uyar\u0131m\u0131, tAAU), di\u011feri ise yerle\u015ftirilen elektrotlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile do\u011fru<\/em> ak\u0131m ileten formudur (transkraniyal do\u011fru ak\u0131m uyar\u0131m\u0131, tDAU).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transkraniyal do\u011fru ak\u0131m uyar\u0131m\u0131, tDAU (transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS):<\/strong> \u0130ki veya daha fazla elektrot arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kafa derisine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu bir do\u011fru<\/em> ak\u0131m uygulayarak n\u00f6ronal aktiviteyi mod\u00fcle etmek ve (h\u00fccreleri uyar\u0131lma e\u015fi\u011fine yakla\u015ft\u0131rarak) sinaptik plastisiteyi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, invazif olmayan bir n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyon teknolojisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

tDAU\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131:<\/strong> tDAU, \u00f6z\u00fcnde olduk\u00e7a basit bir teknolojidir. Bir pil, kafatas\u0131 \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f elektrotlar aras\u0131nda seyahat eden bir do\u011fru ak\u0131m olu\u015fturur. Ak\u0131m bir elektrottan ba\u015flar, alttaki beyin b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7er -en az\u0131ndan hedeflenen elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n altta yatan beyin b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7mesidir- ve di\u011fer elektroda\/elektrotlara ula\u015f\u0131r. As\u0131l mesele ise bu s\u0131rada, yani elektrik alan a\u00e7\u0131kken, beyinde neler oldu\u011fudur. tDAU, n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n ate\u015fleme e\u015fi\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek onlar\u0131n ate\u015flenmesini biraz daha kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. N\u00f6ronlar\u0131n aktivasyonu art\u0131k daha kolay oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu n\u00f6ronal aktivitede genel bir art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flayabilir. Bu da dolayl\u0131 olarak h\u00fccrelerin ate\u015flenme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa ve ayr\u0131ca yeni n\u00f6ral ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n fiziksel olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ve mevcut ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine neden olan bir kaskad\u0131 tetikleyebilir ki buna n\u00f6ral plastisite s\u00fcreci de denmektedir (Stagg vd., 2018; Reato vd., 2019). Bu \u015fekilde tDAU, yaln\u0131zca beyin aktivitesini do\u011frudan art\u0131rmakla kalmay\u0131p dolayl\u0131 olarak beyni daha esnek hale getirerek \u00f6\u011frenme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u015fimdiye kadar g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla uyar\u0131m\u0131n do\u011frudan etkileri, uyar\u0131m seans\u0131ndan sonra birka\u00e7 dakikadan birka\u00e7 saate kadar de\u011fi\u015febilir (Bikson vd., 2019). Yeni ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n ve beynin ola\u011fan durumundaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin dolayl\u0131 etkileri ise \u00e7ok daha uzun s\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transkraniyal alternatif ak\u0131m uyar\u0131m\u0131, tAAU (transcranial alternating current stimulation, tACS):<\/strong> \u0130ki veya daha fazla elektrot arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kafa derisine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu bir alternatif <\/em>ak\u0131m uygulayarak n\u00f6ronal aktiviteyi mod\u00fcle etmek ve (h\u00fccrelerin ate\u015fleme zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek) sinaptik plastisiteyi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, invazif olmayan bir n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyon teknolojisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

tAAU\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131:<\/strong> Beynin s\u00fcre\u011fen sal\u0131n\u0131msal aktivitesine spesifik olarak m\u00fcdahale edebilmek i\u00e7in belli bir frekansta (\u00f6rn; 7 Hz) ritmik uyar\u0131ma izin veren bir y\u00f6ntemdir. tAAU, s\u00fcregiden beyin sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 istenen \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirebilmek i\u00e7in istenen frekansta sin\u00fczoidal ak\u0131mlar verir (Antal ve Herrmann, 2016; Baltus vd., 2017; Enriquez-Geppert vd., 2014; Veniero vd., 2016). Alternatif ak\u0131m ile uygulanan uyar\u0131m\u0131n n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n uyar\u0131lma e\u015fiklerini de\u011fil ancak uyar\u0131lma zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 mod\u00fcle etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Sinapslar\u0131n (n\u00f6ronlar aras\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n) de\u011fi\u015fen elektrik alana maruz kal\u0131yor olmalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli sinaptik plastisiteye yol a\u00e7acak mekanizmalar\u0131n tetiklenmesine sebep oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Citri ve Malenka, 2008). tAAU kullanarak s\u00fcregiden beyin sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan manip\u00fclasyonu, bu beyin sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilen bili\u015fsel ve emosyonel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri etkileyebilmektir ve b\u00f6ylelikle beyin sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015fsal m\u00fcdahalelerle d\u00fczenleyip kontrol edebilme ihtimali do\u011fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, elektrik uyar\u0131m ile n\u00f6romod\u00fclasyon ne i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir? <\/strong>Elektrik uyar\u0131m ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 temelde ikiye ayr\u0131labilir: 1- Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerde performans art\u0131rma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131m\u0131 (neuroenhancement) ara\u015ft\u0131ran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, 2- Klinik gruplarda tedavi\/tedaviye yard\u0131mc\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar. Performans art\u0131rma odakl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, aralar\u0131nda belle\u011fin de oldu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli kognitif alanlarda elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n pozitif etkileri g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olan bulgular aras\u0131nda yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ile ilgili birtak\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi, s\u00fcrekli dikkatin iyile\u015ftirilmesi, istenmeyen zihin da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda azalma ve yorgunluk \u00fczerindeki kafein benzeri etkiler de yer almaktad\u0131r (Antal vd., 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n belle\u011fe etkisi \u00f6zelinde bakacak olursak, elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n bellek \u00fczerine olan etkisi ile ilgili alandaki \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri Marshall ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bir gruba bellek g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinin (konsolidasyon) yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yava\u015f dalga uykusu s\u0131ras\u0131nda beynin \u00fcretti\u011fi yava\u015f dalgaya benzer elektrik ak\u0131m uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, uygulanan uyar\u0131m uyku boyunca yava\u015f dalga aktivitesini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve dahas\u0131, bu ki\u015filerin bir gece \u00f6nce \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015f olan kelime listesini hat\u0131rlama performanslar\u0131 elektrik uyar\u0131m uygulanmam\u0131\u015f gruba g\u00f6re artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma belle\u011fi, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bellek ve uzun s\u00fcreli bellek performans\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bulunmaktad\u0131r (Fregni vd., 2005; Jau\u0161ovec & Jau\u0161ovec, 2014; Vosskuhl vd., 2015, Wolinski vd., 2018; Akt\u00fcrk vd., 2022; Ke vd., 2019; Bjekic vd., 2019). \u00d6rne\u011fin yava\u015f frekansta sal\u0131nan teta tAAU uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n tek bir seansta bile bellek performans\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir art\u0131\u015fa sebep oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (Jau\u0161ovec & Jau\u0161ovec, 2014; Vosskuhl vd., 2015, Wolinski vd., 2018; Akt\u00fcrk vd., 2022). Yine bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda frontal ve parietal beyin b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n bellek performans\u0131n\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in uygun lokasyonlar olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcp elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n benzer kognitif i\u015flevlerin geli\u015ftirilmesine etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da bulunmaktad\u0131r (Antal vd., 2022). Ya da olumlu etki sonucu bildiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funda da kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n elektrik uyar\u0131mdan yararlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu noktada, bilimdeki genel tekrarlanabilirlik sorunlar\u0131na ek olarak, ayn\u0131 elektrik uyar\u0131m uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bireylerde farkl\u0131 etkiler meydana getirmesinde bireysel fakt\u00f6rlerin de en \u00f6nemli etmenlerden birisi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Uygulanan elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n istenen etkiyi bireyde meydana getirebilmesi i\u00e7in bireysel fakt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re uyar\u0131m parametrelerinin adaptasyonu, yani \u201cbireyselle\u015ftirme\u201d, elektrik uyar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki g\u00fcncel oda\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bireyselle\u015ftirilmesi-kontrol edilmesi gereken parametreler listesi ise olduk\u00e7a uzun. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131: Uygulama frekans\u0131, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, elektrotlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, boyutu ve lokalizasyonu, uyar\u0131m yap\u0131lan bireyin o anki zihinsel durumu (brain-state), uyar\u0131m\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde ve uyar\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda bireylerin ne yap\u0131yor olduklar\u0131, bireyin kognitif durumu, ya\u015f-cinsiyet gibi demografik \u00f6zellikler, bireyin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ila\u00e7lar, sahip oldu\u011fu hastal\u0131klar ve benzeri. Burada verilen listedeki her bir madde elektrik uyar\u0131m\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilecek olan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bireye \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u015fekilde optimize edilmesi gereken maddelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Beynin karma\u015f\u0131k ve do\u011frusal olmayan yap\u0131s\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda bu alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n umut vaat eden sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha gidecek \u00e7ok yolu var gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcvenlik: Potansiyel Yan Etkileri Nelerdir? <\/strong>Elektrik uyar\u0131mla ilgili 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131lavuzuna g\u00f6re tAAU uyar\u0131m\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131larda ve n\u00f6rolojik ve psikiyatrik hastalarda \u015fimdiye kadar uygulanan 18.000’den fazla seansta bug\u00fcne kadar ciddi yan etki bildirilmemi\u015ftir. Hafif yan etkiler olarak ise 2 miliamperin \u00fczerindeki y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluktaki tAAU uyar\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u0131ncalanma, yanma hissi ve uyar\u0131m sonras\u0131nda ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ve yorgunluk bildirilmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131lavuzunda sonu\u00e7 olarak tAAU uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlarda test edilmi\u015f deneysel protokollerdeki uyar\u0131m yo\u011funluklar\u0131 ve uyar\u0131m s\u00fcreleri i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli oldu\u011fuyla ilgili anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Antal vd., 2017). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bikson ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan tDAU g\u00fcvenlik derlemesinde de benzer sonu\u00e7lar raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Binlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, tekrar tekrar, tDAU\u2019nin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir g\u00fcvenlik profiline sahip oldu\u011funu do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, elimizdeki g\u00fcncel bilimsel veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015funu diyebiliriz ki, evet, elektrik uyar\u0131mla belle\u011fi mod\u00fcle edebilmek, kontrol edilmesi gereken onlarca fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de olsa, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn! Ancak burada de\u011finilmesi gereken \u00f6nemli bir nokta sa\u011flam bilimsel bulgular do\u011frultusunda ilerlemek gerekti\u011fidir. Uygulaman\u0131n artan pop\u00fclaritesi ve medyan\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f yans\u0131tmalar\u0131 ile birlikte olu\u015fabilecek bir \u201cmucize cihaz\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131 bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131mdan uzak, k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akt\u00fcrk, T., de Graaf, T. A., G\u00fcntekin, B., Hano\u011flu, L., & Sack, A. T. (2022). Enhancing memory capacity by experimentally slowing theta frequency oscillations using combined EEG-tACS. Scientific Reports, 12<\/em>(1), 14199.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antal, A., & Herrmann, C. S. (2016). \u201cTranscranial Alternating Current and Random Noise Stimulation: Possible Mechanisms\u201d, Neural Plasticity,<\/em> 2016. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/3616807<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2013). \u201cTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)\u201d, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(June),<\/em> 1\u20134. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00317<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antal, A., Alekseichuk, I., Bikson, M., Brockm\u00f6ller, J., Brunoni, A. R., Chen, R., \u2026 & Paulus, W. (2017). Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clinical Neurophysiology, 128<\/em>(9), 1774\u20131809.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antal, A., Luber, B., Brem, A. K., Bikson, M., Brunoni, A. R., Kadosh, R. C., \u2026 & Paulus, W. (2022). Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clinical neurophysiology practice, 7,<\/em> 146\u2013165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baltus, A., Wagner, S., Wolters, C. H., & Herrmann, C. S. (2017). \u201cOptimized auditory transcranial alternating current stimulation improves individual auditory temporal resolution\u201d, Brain Stimulation,<\/em> 1\u20137. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.008<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bikson, M., Grossman, P., Thomas, C., Zannou, A. L., Jiang, J., Adnan, T., \u2026 & Woods, A. J. (2016). Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain stimulation, 9<\/em>(5), 641\u2013661.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bikson, M., Paulus, W., Esmaeilpour, Z., Kronberg, G., & Nitsche, M. A. (2019). Mechanisms of acute and after effects of transcranial direct current stimulation. Practical guide to transcranial direct current stimulation: principles, procedures and applications, 81\u2013113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bjeki\u0107, J., \u010coli\u0107, M. V., \u017divanovi\u0107, M., Milanovi\u0107, S. D., & Filipovi\u0107, S. R. (2019). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over parietal cortex improves associative memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 157<\/em>, 114\u2013120.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Citri, A., & Malenka, R. C. 2008. \u201cSynaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms\u201d, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33<\/em>(1), 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enriquez-Geppert, S., Huster, R. J., Scharfenort, R., Mokom, Z. N., Zimmermann, J., & Herrmann, C. S. 2014. \u201cModulation of frontal-midline theta by neurofeedback\u201d, Biological Psychology, 95<\/em>(1), 59\u201369. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.02.019<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche M, Bermpohl F, Antal A, Feredoes E, Marcolin MA, Rigonatti SP, Silva MT, Paulus W, Pascual-Leone A. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp Brain Res. 2005 Sep;166(1):23\u201330. Epub 2005 Jul 6. PubMed PMID: 15999258<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jau\u0161ovec, N., & Jau\u0161ovec, K. (2014). \u201cIncreasing working memory capacity with theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)\u201d, Biological psychology, 96, 42\u201347.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke Y, Wang N, Du J, Kong L, Liu S, Xu M, An X, Ming D. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Working Memory Training in Healthy Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019 Feb 1;13:19. doi: 10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lefaucheur, J.-P., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Cogiamanian, F., \u2026 Paulus, W. (2017). \u201cEvidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)\u201d, Clinical Neurophysiology, 128<\/em>(1), 56\u201392. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marshall, L., Helgad\u00f3ttir, H., M\u00f6lle, M., & Born, J. (2006). \u201cBoosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory\u201d, Nature, 444<\/em>(7119), 610.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., \u2026 Pascual-Leone, A. (2008). \u201cTranscranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008\u201d, Brain Stimulation, 1<\/em>(3), 206\u2013223. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reato, D., Salvador, R., Bikson, M., Opitz, A., Dmochowski, J., & Miranda, P. C. (2019). Principles of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): introduction to the biophysics of tDCS. In Practical guide to transcranial direct current stimulation (pp. 45\u201380). Springer, Cham.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sarmiento, C. I., San-Juan, D., & Prasath, V. B. S. (2016). Brief history of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): from electric fishes to microcontrollers. Psychological medicine, 46<\/em>(15), 3259\u20133261.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stagg, C. J., Antal, A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2018). Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation. The journal of ECT, 34<\/em>(3), 144\u2013152.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veniero, D., Stru ber, D., Thut, G., & Herrmann, C. S. (2016). \u201cNoninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques Can Modulate Cognitive Processing\u201d, Organizational Research Methods. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428116658960<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vosskuhl, J., Huster, R. J., & Herrmann, C. S. (2015). \u201cIncrease in short-term memory capacity induced by down-regulating individual theta frequency via transcranial alternating current stimulation\u201d, Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9<\/em>, 257.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wolinski, N., Cooper, N. R., Sauseng, P., & Romei, V. (2018). \u201cThe speed of parietal theta frequency drives visuospatial working memory capacity\u201d, PLoS biology, 16<\/em>(3), e2005348.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2126,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[840,138,83,94,93,378,518,82,691,64,377,92,323,198,197,251,137,200,66,65,199,471],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2125","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-ani","event_publishing_tags-bellek","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-eeg","event_publishing_tags-erp","event_publishing_tags-hafiza","event_publishing_tags-memory","event_publishing_tags-neuroimaging","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norogoruntuleme","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2125\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2125"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}