{"id":2116,"date":"2023-08-09T15:00:30","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T15:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2116"},"modified":"2025-09-20T13:43:29","modified_gmt":"2025-09-20T13:43:29","slug":"beyin-goruntuleme-tekniklerinin-tarihcesi-dunu-ve-bugunu-yagiz-ekmekci","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/beyin-goruntuleme-tekniklerinin-tarihcesi-dunu-ve-bugunu-yagiz-ekmekci\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyin G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme Tekniklerinin Tarih\u00e7esi, D\u00fcn\u00fc ve Bug\u00fcn\u00fc \u2014 Ya\u011f\u0131z Ekmekci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Preface<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ege \u00dcniversitesi Psikoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Dr. Cansu Pala\u2019n\u0131n, lisans \u00f6\u011frencilerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirerek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Psikoloji Tarihi Ar\u015fivi<\/a> bili\u015fsel bilimler i\u00e7in de\u011ferli bir kaynak olu\u015fturuyor.
Her biri bir psikoloji kavram\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fimini ele alan metinler, okuyuculara bili\u015fsel bilimin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131yla da yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili fikir ve kuramlar\u0131n nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve zaman i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l evrildi\u011fini kavrama f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunuyor. CogIST olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7e\u015fitli bili\u015fsel bilim kaynaklar\u0131 kazand\u0131rma amac\u0131m\u0131z do\u011frultusunda bu ar\u015fivin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nemsiyor ve tarihsel perspektif odakl\u0131 bu metinleri geni\u015f bir kitleye ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yeniden yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz. \u015eu ana kadar yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcm Psikoloji Tarihi Ar\u015fivi yaz\u0131lar\u0131na buradan<\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keyifli okumalar!
CogIST<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme, sinir sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, i\u015flevini veya farmakolojisini dolayl\u0131 veya do\u011frudan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli teknikler kullanan bir disiplinler aras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihsel geli\u015fimine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beyin, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla incelenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 zaman i\u00e7erisinde terk edilmi\u015ftir. Modern beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve \u00f6nceki g\u00f6rece ilkel tekniklerden fark\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesiz (noninvasive) olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada teknolojik metotlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki beyin inceleme yollar\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finilecek, ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcncel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 olan CT, PET ve fMRI tekniklerinden bahsedilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern Teknikler \u00d6ncesi Beyni \u0130nceleme Giri\u015fimleri ve Beyin G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenin D\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fizyolojinin deneysel y\u00f6ntemi hen\u00fcz b\u00fcnyesine d\u00e2hil etmedi\u011fi y\u0131llarda Alman bir t\u0131p doktoru olan Franz Joseph Gall, beyin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kafatas\u0131 \u015feklinin beynin performans\u0131 ile nas\u0131l bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu merak etmi\u015fti. Hayvanlardan elde etti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemler sonucu daha b\u00fcy\u00fck beyinli organizmalar daha zekice hareket etmekteydiler. Bu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 insan beynine de genellemeye karar verdi ve kafatas\u0131 \u015feklinin insan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu veya olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikler hakk\u0131nda ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunabilece\u011fini iddia etti. \u00c7ok say\u0131da insan kafatas\u0131n\u0131 girinti ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceledikten sonra insan zihnine ait 35 niteli\u011fin kafatas\u0131ndaki yerlerini tespit etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc (Schultz ve Schultz, 2007). Ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar belli bir s\u00fcre ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olsa da \u201cfrenoloji\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu giri\u015fim bug\u00fcn tamam\u0131yla bir s\u00f6zdebilimdir. Her ne kadar beynin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma konusunda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da Gall, beynin belirli i\u015flevlerinin belirli b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u00f6zel yap\u0131lar ile ili\u015fkili olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu ili\u015fkiye verilebilecek en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerden birisi, \u201cBroca alan\u0131\u201d da denilen beyin merkezinin ke\u015ffidir. Bir cerrah olan Paul Broca, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r \u015fekilde konu\u015famayan bir adama otopsi yapt\u0131ktan sonra beyin kabu\u011funun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131nda bir lezyon tespit etmi\u015f ve beynin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc konu\u015fma merkezi olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir (Schultz ve Schultz, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otoritelerce modern sinir bilimin babas\u0131 say\u0131lan Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 100 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 3000\u2019den fazla anatomik n\u00f6ron \u00e7izimi yaparak sinir sistemine dair ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O zamanki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak sinir sisteminin b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl, kesintisiz ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir yap\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; \u015fekil, i\u015flev ve yap\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n birbiriyle elektriksel ve kimyasal yollardan \u201chaberle\u015fmesiyle\u201d i\u015fleyen bir sistemden bahsetmi\u015ftir. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden yirmi y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar Cajal\u2019\u0131n bu iddias\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, do\u011frulu\u011fu 1950\u2019lerde kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cThe Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal\u201d kitab\u0131nda Cajal\u2019\u0131n bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7izimlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sinir bilimine nas\u0131l \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Swanson, Newman, Araque ve Dubinsky, 2017). Mikroskop ba\u015f\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi saatler ve ortaya koydu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla Cajal beynin bilimsel yollarla incelenebilir oldu\u011funu iyiden iyiye g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015f ve modern beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerine \u00f6nayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, \u0130talyan fizyolog Angelo Mosso\u2019nun buldu\u011fu ve \u201cinsan dola\u015f\u0131m dengesi\u201d (human circulation balance) olarak \u00e7evrilebilecek y\u00f6ntem kabul edilir. Mosso, temel olarak beynin yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha fazla kana ihtiya\u00e7 duyaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 deneysel olarak ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Beynin duygusal ve entelekt\u00fcel aktivite esnas\u0131nda v\u00fccuttaki kan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir mekanizma ile \u00f6l\u00e7en bu teknik, her ne kadar modern \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131nda olsa da, modern y\u00f6ntemlerin atas\u0131 olarak say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Sandrone ve ark., 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin temelleri yava\u015f yava\u015f at\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Amerikan bir beyin cerrah\u0131 olan Walter Dandy pn\u00f6moensefalografi ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi y\u00f6ntemi tan\u0131tt\u0131. Bir miktar beyin omurilik s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131p yerine al\u0131nan miktarla ayn\u0131 oranda oksijen, hava veya helyum koyulmas\u0131 ve beynin X \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenmesine dayanan y\u00f6ntem 1970\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131na kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geli\u015ftirilen y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda ilk m\u00fcdahaleli (invasive) olanlardand\u0131r ve beyni bir ekrana aktararak \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme\u201dyi belki de ilk ba\u015faran tekniktir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u00fcksek riskli ve olduk\u00e7a fazla yan etkiye sahip bir teknik olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyin G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenin Bug\u00fcn\u00fc: Modern Teknikler<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Modern beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerini CT ile ba\u015flatmak yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. 1972\u2019de bir elektrik m\u00fchendisi olan Godfrey Hounsfield ve fizik\u00e7i Allan MacLeod Cormack bilgisayarl\u0131 tomografiyi, k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekliyle CT (veya daha eski kullan\u0131m\u0131yla CAT) tekni\u011fini geli\u015ftirmi\u015f; b\u00f6ylece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan modern y\u00f6ntemlerden ilki ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1979\u2019da ikili bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla alan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Nobel Fizyoloji veya T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n beyni ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa tarayarak bilgisayara g\u00f6ndermesi ve bilgisayar\u0131n elde edilen bu veriyi farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan kesitsel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler olarak sunmas\u0131 \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilecek bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131na sahip olan y\u00f6ntem, beynin tan\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in incelenmesine olanak tan\u0131r. Olduk\u00e7a kolay, g\u00fcvenli, m\u00fcdahalesiz ve ac\u0131s\u0131z bir y\u00f6ntem olsa da s\u0131radan bir r\u00f6ntgen \u00e7ekiminden \u00e7ok daha fazla radyasyon i\u00e7ermektedir. Bununla birlikte bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde birden fazla kez CT taramas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 maruz kal\u0131nan radyasyonu \u00e7ok daha riskli bir noktaya ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda CT taramas\u0131 yap\u0131lan hastalar\u0131n %30\u2019unun en az \u00fc\u00e7, %7\u2019sinin be\u015ften fazla ve %4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn dokuz veya daha fazla kez tarama ald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Mettler, Wiest, Locken ve Kelsey, 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CT\u2019nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yeni beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilme s\u00fcreci h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f ve 1973\u2019te Michel Ter-Pogossian, Edward J. Hoffman and Michael Phelps isimli \u00fc\u00e7 bilim insan\u0131 PET tekni\u011fini tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u201cPozitron Emisyon Tomografisi\u201d olan bu teknik, radyoaktif ajanlar\u0131n kana verilmesi ve bu ajanlar\u0131n beyin dokusundaki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m alt\u0131nda incelenmesi ile uygulan\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli ve birbirinden farkl\u0131 beyin b\u00f6lgelerinin aktivite d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi i\u00e7in beynin temel olarak nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlama olana\u011f\u0131 sunan tekni\u011fin CT\u2019ye g\u00f6re en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinden biri tarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dokunun \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini sunabilmesidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlar\u0131ndan biri oksijen ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve beyin dokular\u0131ndaki glikoz metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 beyin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00f6zlemlemeye olanak vermesidir. Bunlara ek olarak beyni inceleyen bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda da s\u0131kl\u0131kla PET\u2019e ba\u015fvurulmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin (sigara, alkol, kokain vb.) beyindeki kimyasal da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve beyin fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fine odaklanan daha spesifik baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da PET taramalar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Volkow, Fowler ve Wang, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde ise ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6nceki tekniklerin hemen hemen hepsini ekarte eden fMRI geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Teknik, kandaki oksijen seviyesini kullanan bir metot ile (orijinal ismiyle BOLD) beyinde belirli bir zamanda hangi b\u00f6lgelerin aktif oldu\u011funun g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenmesine dayan\u0131r (Raichle, 2010). Oksijen y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin hemoglobin h\u00fccreleri ile daha az oksijen ta\u015f\u0131yan hemoglobin h\u00fccrelerinin manyetik alan ge\u00e7irgenlikleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r; oksijensiz hemoglobin manyetizmaya neredeyse diren\u00e7li olan oksijenli hemoglobine g\u00f6re daha manyetiktir. Bu manyetik ayr\u0131m sayesinde belirli bir zamanda beyinde hangi n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n daha fazla oksijen kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hangilerinin aktif oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenmi\u015f olur (Huettel, Song ve McCarthy, 2009). M\u00fcdahalesiz y\u00f6ntemlerden biri olan fMRI tekni\u011finin yukar\u0131da bahsedilen CT ve PET tekniklerinden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta radyasyon yaymamas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fckemmel uzamsal kesinlik sa\u011flamas\u0131 da en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen bu tekniklere ek olarak beynin elektriksel aktivitesini \u00f6l\u00e7en elektroensefalografi (EEG) ad\u0131 verilen m\u00fcdahalesiz bir teknik de mevcuttur. Son derece g\u00fcvenli olan ve milisaniyeler d\u00fczeyinde zamansal kesinlik sunan bu teknik beynin elektriksel aktivitesini kesintisiz olarak \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarar (Savoy, 2001). \u201cEvent-related potentials\u201d (k\u0131saca ERP) ad\u0131 verilen ve bir uyaran sonucu olu\u015fan beyin dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6zlemlemeye olanak tan\u0131yan teknik zamansal kesinlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel olsa da uzamsal kesinlik olarak son derece yetersizdir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yaln\u0131zca kafa y\u00fczeyinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler alabilmektedir (Savoy, 2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere her bir beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekni\u011finin kendi i\u00e7inde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nleri olmakla birlikte zay\u0131f y\u00f6nleri de mevcuttur. Kimi teknikler ki\u015fiyi kuvvetli radyasyona maruz b\u0131rak\u0131rken kimisi kana \u00e7e\u015fitli radyoaktif maddelerin verilmesini gerektirmektedir. Baz\u0131 teknikler beynin genel bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye benzer ve beyni yap\u0131sal olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunarken (bilgisayarl\u0131 tomografi gibi); baz\u0131lar\u0131 beyindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli n\u00f6ron gruplar\u0131n\u0131n hangi bili\u015fsel, davran\u0131\u015fsal \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi (\u00f6rn. konu\u015fma, y\u00fczleri tan\u0131ma) beynin i\u015flevsel \u00f6zelliklerini inceleme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r (PET, fMRI, EEG vb.) Benzer \u015fekilde baz\u0131lar\u0131 uzamsal a\u00e7\u0131dan kesinli\u011fi y\u00fcksek sonu\u00e7lar verirken baz\u0131lar\u0131 zamansal a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u00fcksek kesinli\u011fe sahip veriler sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenin tarihine \u015f\u00f6yle bir bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilk geli\u015ftirilen teknikler daha \u00e7ok klinik incelemeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup beyindeki anomalileri, lezyonlar\u0131 tespit etme amac\u0131 g\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze daha yak\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan teknikler ise klinik incelemeleri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bir kenara b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f de\u011filse de kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n daha ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6nelimli bir h\u00e2l ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Yayg\u0131n olarak t\u0131bbi bir inceleme y\u00f6ntemi olarak kullan\u0131lan beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme teknikleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde psikoloji i\u00e7in de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir; zira bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en ba\u015f\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme disiplinler aras\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Teknolojinin her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn geli\u015fmekte oldu\u011fu bu \u00e7a\u011fda gelecekte beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin nas\u0131l bir h\u00e2l alaca\u011f\u0131 merak uyand\u0131ran bir konudur. T\u0131bbi a\u00e7\u0131dan ele alacak olursak g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde tek bir teknikle beyne ait hem yap\u0131sal hem i\u015flevsel \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar al\u0131nmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu i\u015flemin insana m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en az zarar\u0131 verecek \u015fekilde uygulanmas\u0131 beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemenin gelece\u011fine dair beklentilerden birka\u00e7\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Psikoloji penceresinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise insan duygu, bili\u015f ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n merkezi olan beyne dair daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler sunacak; hem uzamsal hem de zamansal kesinlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fckemmel sonu\u00e7lar verecek bir tekni\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesi hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz en b\u00fcy\u00fck temennilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A Brief and Beautiful History of Neuroimaging. (b.t.). Motherboard Tech by Vice.<\/em> https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/ywb3yy\/a-brief-and-beautiful-history-of-neuroimaging<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

History of neuroimaging. (b.t.). Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia<\/em>. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_neuroimaging<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W. ve McCarthy, G. (2009). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging <\/em>(2. bas\u0131m).<\/em> Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mettler Jr, F. A., Wiest, P. W., Locken, J. A. ve Kelsey, C. A. (2000). CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. Journal of Radiological Protection, 20<\/em>(4), 353\u2013359. doi:10.1088\/0952\u20134746\/20\/4\/301<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neuroimaging. (b.t.). APA Dictionary of Psychology<\/em>. https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/neuroimaging<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neuroimaging. (b.t.). Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia<\/em>. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroimaging<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raichle, M. E. (2010). The Brain\u2019s Dark Energy. Scientific American, 302<\/em>(3), 44\u201349. doi: 10.1038\/scientificamerican0310\u201344<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sandrone, S., Bacigaluppi, M., Galloni, M. R., Cappa, S. F., Moro, A., Catani, M., \u2026Martino, G. (2014). Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso\u2019s original manuscripts come to light. Brain<\/em>, 137<\/em>(2), 621\u2013633. doi:10.1093\/brain\/awt091<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Savoy, R. L. (2001). History and future directions of human brain mapping and functional neuroimaging. Acta Psychologica, 107<\/em>(1\u20133), 9\u201342. doi:10.1016\/s0001\u20136918(01)00018-X<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schultz, D. P. ve Schultz, S. E. (2007). Modern Psikoloji Tarihi<\/em> (Y. Aslay, \u00c7ev.). \u0130stanbul: Kakn\u00fcs Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. (Orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131m tarihi 2004)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Swanson, L. W., Newman, E., Araque, A. ve Dubinsky, J. M. (2017). The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramon y Cajal<\/em>. New York: Abrams Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S. ve Wang, G. (2003). The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111<\/em>(10), 1444\u20131451. doi:10.1172\/JCI200318533<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2117,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[83,97,289,94,93,378,518,82,691,64,377,92,323,198,812,936,290,813,200,66,65,199,814,100,471,935],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2116","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilim-tarihi","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-eeg","event_publishing_tags-fmri","event_publishing_tags-history","event_publishing_tags-history-of-science","event_publishing_tags-meg","event_publishing_tags-neuroimaging","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norogoruntuleme","event_publishing_tags-pet","event_publishing_tags-science","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-tarih","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2116\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2116"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}