{"id":2101,"date":"2023-06-21T15:00:22","date_gmt":"2023-06-21T15:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2101"},"modified":"2025-09-19T19:59:44","modified_gmt":"2025-09-19T19:59:44","slug":"bellek-hatalarinin-norobiyolojisi-feyzanur-polat","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/bellek-hatalarinin-norobiyolojisi-feyzanur-polat\/","title":{"rendered":"Bellek Hatalar\u0131n\u0131n N\u00f6robiyolojisi \u2014 Feyzanur Polat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Feyzanur Polat, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Psikoloji son s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6\u011frencisi, y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131n\u0131 n\u00f6ropsikoloji veya bili\u015fsel n\u00f6robilim \u00fczerine yapmak istiyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fsel ya da n\u00f6rolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdeki aksakl\u0131klardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc belle\u011fimizin kodlama (encoding), saklama (retention) ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylar\u0131 geri alma (retrieval) becerileri etkilenebilir (Corlett ve ark., 2009). Bu gibi durumlarda sahte an\u0131lar (false memory) ya da bellek hatalar\u0131 (memory errors) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir. Do\u011fru (true memory) ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama, bellek bozulmalar\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan teorik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ana konular\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Bellek hatalar\u0131 genellikle g\u00fcncel belle\u011fin di\u011fer ki\u015filerden al\u0131nan tavsiyelerle ya da at\u0131flarla birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fur (Loftus, 1997, s. 71). Mevcut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimize etki eden \u00f6n yarg\u0131lar, basmakal\u0131p d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve beklentiler, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki olaylar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131 da etkiler ve b\u00f6ylece bellek hatalar\u0131 meydana gelebilir (Henkel ve Mather, 2007; Jacoby ve ark., 1989; Johnson ve ark., 1993; Lindsay, 2008; Ross, 1989). Son y\u0131llarda sahte an\u0131lar, bilimsel deney ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda fazlas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geli\u015fen teknoloji ile birlikte, n\u00f6rog\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin katk\u0131s\u0131 bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve bellek hatalar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00f6robiyolojisi hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinmemize de ayr\u0131ca yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahte an\u0131lar ya da bellek hatalar\u0131, bilimsel deneylerde yayg\u0131n olarak yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi (misinformation) ya da DRM (Deese\u2013Roediger\u2013McDermott) paradigmas\u0131 kullan\u0131larak ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Loftus, 2013; Roediger ve McDermott, 1995<\/a>). Yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi paradigmas\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok otobiyografik belle\u011fin yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama \u00fczerindeki etkisi g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak incelenirken, DRM paradigmas\u0131nda kelimeler ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden bellek hatalar\u0131 incelenmi\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131soy ve Ceylan, 2014, s 61). Yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi paradigmas\u0131nda deney tasar\u0131m\u0131; kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara olay sunma, yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi alma ve hat\u0131rlama testi a\u015famalar\u0131ndan olu\u015furken, (\u00f6rn., Loftus ve Palmer, 1974) DRM paradigmas\u0131nda ise otobiyografik belle\u011fe dayand\u0131r\u0131lmadan direkt olarak yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama durumu tetiklenir. DRM paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131nda, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara terim listeleri (\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00f6geler olarak bilinir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, masa, oturmak, bacaklar, koltuk, yumu\u015fak, masa, koltuk, tahta, minder, dinlenme ve tabure) \u00f6\u011fretilir. Hepsi anlamsal olarak \u201csandalye\u201d gibi bir hedef kelimeye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara daha sonra hedef kelimeleri (ili\u015fkili \u201ctuzak\u201d kelimeler), incelenen \u00f6geleri (\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadaki kelimeler veya \u201ceski\u201d kelimeler listesinde yer alan) ve alakas\u0131z ya da zay\u0131f ili\u015fkili terimleri (\u201cyeni\u201d kelimeler) i\u00e7eren bir kelime listesi verilir. Daha sonra bellek hatalar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sonu\u00e7larda genellikle, hedef terimlerin %60’\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla ve yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma listesindeki kelimeler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve bu da hedef kelimeler i\u00e7in \u201cyanl\u0131\u015f alarmlara\u201d neden olur (Roediger ve McDermott, 1995). Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu paradigmaya do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini anlamak i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, elektroensefalografi (EEG) \u00e7ekimi esnas\u0131nda DRM paradigmas\u0131 kullanarak bellek hatalar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015f ve bu s\u00fcrecin beyin dalga frekanslar\u0131 ve beyin b\u00f6lgeleri hakk\u0131nda literat\u00fcre \u00f6nemli bulgular sunmu\u015ftur (bak\u0131n\u0131z; Favre ve ark., 2020; Li ve ark., 2021; Sederberg ve ark., 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DRM paradigmas\u0131ndaki kritik tuzak kelimeler, kodlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda sunulan \u00f6gelerle ayn\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fc (anlamsal [semantic], ya da kavramsal [conceptual] anlam\u0131) veya ortak \u00f6zellikleri payla\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle, iki paradigman\u0131n, hem ger\u00e7ek hem de yanl\u0131\u015f an\u0131lara arac\u0131l\u0131k eden n\u00f6ral aktivitedeki ortakl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ve belle\u011fin do\u011frulu\u011funa dayal\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131la\u015fan n\u00f6ral ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a benzer bulgular sergilemesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir (Dennis ve ark., 2012, s. 152). Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda, bilgiyi geri alma a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n (retrieval phase) yanl\u0131\u015f ve do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri s\u0131ras\u0131nda beynin ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde (frontal, parietal, temporal ve oksipital lob) ortak bir n\u00f6ral aktivasyon s\u00f6z konusudur (Schacter ve ark., 1997; Atkins ve Reuter\u2010Lorenz, 2011; Gutchess ve Schacter, 2012). Fakat, benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmu\u015ftur. En g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan farkl\u0131l\u0131k, duyu kortekslerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak; do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama esnas\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamaya k\u0131yasla erken g\u00f6rsel kortekste (early visual cortex) ve striat kortekste (striate cortex) daha canl\u0131 bir aktivasyon g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir (Slotnick ve Schacter, 2004; Stark ve ark., 2010). Bunun gibi davran\u0131\u015fsal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n, do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcrecinin yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamadan daha \u00e7ok duyusal ve kavramsal detaylarla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. N\u00f6rog\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, yanl\u0131\u015f ve do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin n\u00f6robiyolojisi hakk\u0131nda genel bir fikir sahibi olmam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, bellek hatalar\u0131n\u0131n, kodlama, muhafaza etme ve bilgiyi geri getirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin farkl\u0131 bir n\u00f6ral ba\u011flant\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011fu ve daha \u00e7ok ke\u015ffedilmeye a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rog\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekniklerinde yanl\u0131\u015f ve do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir di\u011fer b\u00f6lge ise medial temporal lobdur. Sol parahipokampal girus (PHG) sadece do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek bir aktivasyon g\u00f6sterirken, sol anterior hipokampus, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamada yeni kelimelere k\u0131yasla ortak bir aktivasyon g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Cabeza ve ark., 2001). Bununla birlikte, bilateral anterior PHG do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f an\u0131msama (recollection) s\u00fcrecinde benzer bir aktivasyon g\u00f6sterirken, sa\u011f hipokampus do\u011fru an\u0131msama s\u00fcrecinde yanl\u0131\u015f an\u0131msamaya k\u0131yasla daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir aktivasyon g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Dennis ve ark., 2012). Bellek hatalar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma geri alma (retrieval) a\u015famas\u0131na odaklansa da, bilgiyi i\u015fleme (encoding) a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n da yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamaya katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve incelenmi\u015ftir (bak\u0131n\u0131z; Baym ve Gonsalves, 2010; Gonsalves ve ark., 2004; Gonsalves ve Paller, 2000). Kim ve Cezeba, do\u011fru ya da yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamaya neden olan bilgi i\u015fleme s\u00fcrecinin aktivasyonunu incelemek i\u00e7in DRM paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (2007). Sol ventrolateral prefrontal ve oksipitotemporal korteks, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in benzer aktivasyon g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sol parahipokampal girus ve oksipital kutbun (occipital pole) aktivasyonu do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fckselmi\u015f, fakat yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fckselmemi\u015ftir (2007). \u00d6zetle, bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamaya k\u0131yasla do\u011fru hat\u0131rlama i\u00e7in medial temporal lob ve g\u00f6rsel kortekste ve yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamada do\u011fru hat\u0131rlamaya k\u0131yasla frontal kortekste daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir aktivasyon oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Dennis ve ark., 2012, s.165).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bili\u015fsel bilimin ilgisini fazlas\u0131yla \u00e7eken \u00f6nemli konulardan birisi olan bellek \u00fczerine \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, bellek hatalar\u0131 ya da yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlaman\u0131n, bilgi i\u015fleme ve hat\u0131rlama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren n\u00f6rolojik ya da bili\u015fsel bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 deformasyonu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve deformasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bili\u015fsel bilim ve n\u00f6robilim alan\u0131nda, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve deneylere olan ilginin g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 sunulaca\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Atkins, A.S., and Reuter\u2010Lorenz, P.A. (2011). Neural mechanisms of semantic interference and false recognition in short\u2010term memory. NeuroImage, 56 (3), 1726\u20131734. doi: 10.1016\/ j.neuroimage.2011.02.048.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baym, C.L., and Gonsalves, B.D. (2010). Comparison of neural activity that leads to true memories, false memories, and forgetting: an fMRI study of the misinformation effect. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 10 (3), 339\u2013348. doi: 10.3758\/ CABN.10.3.339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cabeza, R., Rao, S.M., Wagner, A.D., et al. (2001). Can medial temporal lobe regions distinguish true from false? An event\u2010related functional MRI study of veridical and illusory recognition memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98 (8), 4805\u20134810.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corlett, P. R., Simons, J. S., Pigott, J., Gardner, J. M., Murray, G. K., Krystal, J. H., & Fletcher, P. C. (2009). Illusions and delusions: relating experimentally-induced false memories to anomalous experiences and ideas. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience<\/em>, 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dennis, N. A., Bowman, C. R., & Turney, I. C. (2015). Functional neuroimaging of false memories. The Wiley handbook on the cognitive neuroscience of memory<\/em>, 150\u2013171.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Favre, G., Horat, S. K., Herrmann, F. R., Gothuey, I., Merlo, M. C. G., & Missonnier, P. (2020). Neurophys-iological Signature of Memory Performance during the DRM Task. Int J Cogn Behav<\/em>, 3<\/em>(007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonsalves, B., and Paller, K.A. (2000). Neural events that underlie remembering something that never happened. Nature Neuroscience, 3 (12), 1316\u20131321.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonsalves, B., Reber, P.J., Gitelman, D.R., et al. (2004). Neural evidence that vivid imagining can lead to false remembering. Psychological Science, 15 (10), 655\u2013660.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gutchess, A.H., and Schacter, D.L. (2012). The neural correlates of gist\u2010based true and false recognition. NeuroImage, 59 (4), 3418\u20133426. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.078.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Henkel, L. A., & Mather, M. (2007). Memory attributions for choices: How beliefs shape our memories. Journal of Memory and Language<\/em>, 57<\/em>(2), 163\u2013176.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving<\/em>, 391<\/em>, 422.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological bulletin<\/em>, 114<\/em>(1), 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li, Y., Ni, Z., He, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, S., & Yin, N. (2021). The influence of positive emotion and negative emotion on false memory based on EEG signal analysis. Neuroscience Letters<\/em>, 764<\/em>, 136203.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lindsay, D. S. (2008). Source monitoring. In H. L. Roediger, III (Ed.), Cognitive psychology of memory. Vol. 2 of Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (4 Vols, J. Byrne Editor) (pp. 325\u2013348). Oxford: Elsevier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, E. F. (1997). Creating false memories. Scientific American<\/em>, 277<\/em>(3), 70\u201375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mather, M., Henkel, L.A., and Johnson, M.K. (1997). Evaluating characteristics of false memories: remember\/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared. Memory and Cognition, 25 (6), 826\u2013837.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition<\/em>, 21<\/em>(4), 803.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schacter, D.L., Buckner, R.L., Koutstaal, W., et al. (1997). Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recognition: an event\u2010related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 6 (4), 259\u2013269.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sederberg, P. B., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Madsen, J. R., Bromfield, E. B., Litt, B., Brandt, A., & Kahana, M. J. (2007). Gamma oscillations distinguish true from false memories. Psychological science<\/em>, 18<\/em>(11), 927\u2013932.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slotnick, S.D., and Schacter, D.L. (2004). A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (6), 664\u2013672.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stark, C.E., Okado, Y., and Loftus, E.F. (2010). Imaging the reconstruction of true and false memories using sensory reactivation and the misinformation paradigms. Learning and Memory, 17 (10), 485\u2013488. doi: 10.1101\/lm.1845710.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2102,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[840,138,83,94,93,234,82,691,64,233,92,323,251,137,76,1068,66,65,1069,80,81,471,96],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2101","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-ani","event_publishing_tags-bellek","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-hafiza","event_publishing_tags-memory","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-neurobiology","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norobiyoloji","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2101\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2102"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2101"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}