{"id":2073,"date":"2021-10-03T15:00:56","date_gmt":"2021-10-03T15:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2073"},"modified":"2025-09-07T20:00:19","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T20:00:19","slug":"gestalt-kurami-ve-bilissel-psikoloji-1-esra-mungan","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/gestalt-kurami-ve-bilissel-psikoloji-1-esra-mungan\/","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131 ve Bili\u015fsel Psikoloji 1 \u2014 Esra Mungan"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cGe\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131 ve Bili\u015fsel Psikoloji\u201d serisinin t\u00fcm yaz\u0131lar\u0131na buradan<\/a> eri\u015febilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Esra Mungan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Psikoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlisi. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6zel bellek, m\u00fczik belle\u011fi ve m\u00fcziksel bili\u015f olu\u015fturuyor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preface<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bili\u015fsel bilim do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131 bir araya getirmeyi vaad eden, bunu art\u0131k kli\u015fele\u015fmi\u015f olan alt\u0131gen diyagramla ifade eden bir bilim dal\u0131. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 sene ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan bili\u015fsel bilimin bu farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131 bir araya getirmek ve b\u00f6ylece zihni anlama yolunda b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir perspektif sa\u011flamak, hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir yol kat etmek gibi vaadlerini yerine getirip getirmedi\u011fi veyahut ne oranda yerine getirdi\u011fi \u015fiddeti giderek artan bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu. Esra Mungan da \u00f6zellikle kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131ndan \u2013bellek, m\u00fczik bili\u015fi- hareketle bili\u015fsel bilimde y\u0131llard\u0131r binlerce ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen yol kat edilememesine yol a\u00e7an bir yanl\u0131\u015f, hem de temel bir yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu sezenlerden. Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 okumalarla bu sezgileri form\u00fclize edilmi\u015f bir fikirler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Esra hoca bunlar\u0131 2020 ve 2021 boyunca Nesne dergisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 makalesinde topluyor: \u201cGe\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131: Bir Nazariyenin Mazisi, Akameti ve Ak\u0131beti,\u201d \u201cGe\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Az Bilinen \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: Bellek,\u201d \u201cGe\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Problem \u00c7\u00f6zme \u00dczerine \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Ge\u015ftalt\u0131.\u201d Esra Hoca\u2019n\u0131n Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131\u2019na e\u011fildi\u011fi, hakk\u0131nda \u201cbilinen\u201d pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczeltti\u011fi ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn bili\u015fsel psikolojisine ve bili\u015fsel bilimine dair neler s\u00f6yledi\u011fini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu makalelerini biz de alt\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131k bir yaz\u0131 dizisi halinde yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz. B\u00f6ylelikle hem bili\u015fsel bilime dair metodolojik ve felsefi endi\u015feler hakk\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, hem de T\u00fcrkiye bili\u015fsel bilim akademisindeki \u00fcretimin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne katk\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 umuyoruz.

Keyifli okumalar,
CogIST<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131n\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6z<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bu makalede Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n kurucular\u0131n\u0131n, eserlerinde dile getirdikleri, hem o d\u00f6nem ama \u00f6zellikle de bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in \u00e7ok kritik olan kimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00f6nermeleri oda\u011fa al\u0131nd\u0131. Makalenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131, son yar\u0131m as\u0131rd\u0131r son derece eksik ve hatta hatal\u0131 i\u00e7eriklerle sunulan bu kuram\u0131n asl\u0131nda ne kadar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve mevcut verilerimizi bamba\u015fka \u015fekilde, \u00fcstelik art\u0131k birbirinden kopuk de\u011fil, tersine birbiriyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f olarak anlamland\u0131rabilece\u011fimizi g\u00f6stermektir. Makalenin birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n Max Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n 1912 tarihli \u201cphi fenomeni\u201d makalesiyle do\u011fu\u015fu, 1922\u2019de kuramc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Psychologische Forschungen dergisiyle giderek etki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Nazi Almanyas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde hem yo\u011fun sans\u00fcr hem hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n tehlikeye girmesi nedeniyle t\u00fcm kuramc\u0131lar\u0131n Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131p ABD\u2019ye ge\u00e7mesiyle kimi bak\u0131\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve kavray\u0131\u015f eksiklikleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Makalenin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise kuram\u0131n ana \u00f6nermeleri ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu konular hayli kapsaml\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, kuram\u0131n \u00e7ok daha az bilinen ancak alg\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kadar ilgin\u00e7 bellek ve \u2018\u00fcretken\u2019 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00f6nermeleri ise ayr\u0131 iki makalede ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu makale, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir serinin ilki olarak okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anahtar kelimeler: Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131, par\u00e7alar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn, \u015fekil-zemin, gruplama\/ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ilkeleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bu makalenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131, Ge\u015ftalt 2 kuram\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu ve ne olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir kapsaml\u0131l\u0131k ile aktarmakt\u0131r. Bu makale bir tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kuram\u0131n tarihsel taraf\u0131 ancak ana hatlar\u0131yla aktar\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Beni bu konuyu ele almaya iten iki ana etken olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan biri, psikoloji tarihi i\u00e7inde bu kurama dair aktar\u0131lagelen bilgilerin bir yandan merak uyand\u0131r\u0131rken (\u00f6zellikle sunulan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6rsel \u00f6rnekleriyle) bir yandan ise \u201chavada\u201d kalmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer etken ise, bu ilgin\u00e7 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cmuamma\u201d dolu kuram\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (1910\u2019lu y\u0131llar) ve ana ak\u0131m psikoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131ndan kaybolu\u015funun (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar, yani \u201cbili\u015fsel devrim\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla) \u00fczerinden bunca zaman\u0131n ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc tam olarak da \u201ctarihini tozlu sayfalar\u0131\u201d aras\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclememesidir. Bunun belki de en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6stergesi, 2012\u2019de kuram\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131 nedeniyle Wagemans ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131n Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n ana \u00f6nermeleri \u00fczerine bir anma yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok bir \u2018hat\u0131rlatma\u2019 yaz\u0131s\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Konunun geni\u015fli\u011fi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu nedeniyle Wagemans\u2019\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 ekiple yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu makale dizisinin biri yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 sayfa, di\u011feri 35 sayfal\u0131kt\u0131r. Buradan da anl\u0131yoruz ki Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin yine 20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bir d\u00f6nem ana eksen kuram\u0131 olmu\u015f olan Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ekol\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 olarak, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u201cmaziye g\u00f6m\u00fclememektedir\u201d. Bu sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m iki ana etken bana bu kuram\u0131n, psikoloji tarihi kuramlar\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda sunulan bilgilerin \u00f6tesinde incelenmeyi hak etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Herhangi bir kuram\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 en elzem olan ve ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00e7ok\u00e7a yap\u0131lmayan veya eksik yap\u0131lan \u015fey, kuram\u0131n kurucular\u0131n\u0131n kritik birincil kaynak eserlerini okumakt\u0131r. Birincil kaynaklara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise ilgin\u00e7 bir tablo ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u015e\u00f6yle ki kaynaklar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funun orjinalleri, kuramc\u0131lar\u0131n ana dili olan Almanca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n ancak bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201320\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan itibaren bilimin yeni d\u00fcnya dili haline gelen \u2014 \u0130ngilizceye terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f, \u00fcstelik baz\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zetlenerek (\u00f6rne\u011fin Ellis, 1938). Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise daha ancak 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f, kimisi ise h\u00e2len terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f de\u011fil. Her ne kadar kurucular\u0131, 1920 ve 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Nazi iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ayak seslerinin gelmesi ve fa\u015fizmin yerle\u015fmesiyle Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131p Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne yerle\u015ftiyse de kendileri i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 bir dilde \u201cmeramlar\u0131n\u0131\u201d anlatmalar\u0131n\u0131n kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki buradaki zorluk yaln\u0131zca bir anadil\/yabanc\u0131 dil engelinden kaynaklanmam\u0131\u015f, iki k\u0131tan\u0131n veya iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bak\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n tam m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131yla Anglo-Amerikan co\u011frafyada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulamamas\u0131 veya \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre boyunca bulmas\u0131nda rol oynam\u0131\u015f. Bunu en g\u00fczel g\u00f6steren kaynak, aralar\u0131nda belki de en fazla \u0130ngilizce eser vermi\u015f ve hatta 1959\u2019da Amerikan Psikoloji Derne\u011fi\u2019nin (APA) ba\u015fkan\u0131 olabilmi\u015f Wolfgang K\u00f6hler\u2019in ayn\u0131 tarihte ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak derne\u011fin 66\u2019nc\u0131 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Konferans\u0131\u2019nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmad\u0131r (K\u00f6hler, 1959). Konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Anglo-Amerikan perspektifinin zaman zaman miyoplu\u011fa varan detayc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve c\u00fcretk\u00e2rl\u0131k eksikli\u011finden bahseder. B\u00fcy\u00fck ustal\u0131kla \u00e7ok titiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bundan dolay\u0131 da, bu \u015fekilde \u201czapturapt\u201d alt\u0131na alamayaca\u011f\u0131 konulardan uzak durmay\u0131 tercih etti\u011fini ifade eder. Bu konu\u015fman\u0131n, i\u00e7eri\u011fi kadar \u00fcslup inceli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye terc\u00fcme edilmeyi hak etti\u011fini belirtmek isterim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda bug\u00fcne bakacak olursak \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike s\u00f6z konusudur. Art\u0131k Amerikan perspektifinin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve bol yay\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fckmetmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak da arzulanan, makalelerin \u201c\u015fip\u015fak\u201d okunabiliyor ve adeta bir gazete ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olabilecek basitlikte bilgiler sunabiliyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f \u00f6zellikle son 50 y\u0131ld\u0131r adeta sorgulan(a)mayan bir norm haline gelmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fal olarak bunun sonucunda K\u00f6hler\u2019in bahsini etti\u011fi o deneysel titizli\u011fin de bilim prati\u011fi i\u00e7inde eridi\u011fine dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz (bk. Zwaan, Etz, Lucas ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 2018). Ne yaz\u0131k ki son 20 y\u0131lda ad\u0131m ad\u0131m t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya sirayet eden bu sorunlu bak\u0131\u015f, elbette (1) ne c\u00fcretk\u00e2r sorular\u0131n sorulmas\u0131n\u0131, (2) ne de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi say\u0131sal veriler yan\u0131 s\u0131ra deneyimlerine y\u00f6nelik incelemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve raporlanmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. Bu konuya makalenin sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda tekrar de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makale iki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r (bkz. Tablo 1). Makalenin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kuram\u0131n Max Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n 1912 tarihli makalesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, kurulan yeni bir psikoloji dergisi etraf\u0131nda geli\u015fmesini ancak Nazi rejiminin iktidara geli\u015fiyle kuram\u0131n Almanya\u2019da akamete u\u011fray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise, kuram\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki muhtemelen ilk aktar\u0131m\u0131na de\u011finece\u011fiz. Bu aktar\u0131m, do\u011frudan Almanca kaynaklar \u00fczerinden de\u011fil, Frans\u0131z hekim ve psikolog Pierre Jeunet\u2019nin kendi \u00f6znel de\u011ferlendirmesini katarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok temel (ve eksik) bir aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 1938 tarihli T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terc\u00fcmesidir. Makalenin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise kuram\u0131n ana tespitlerini ve kavramsal \u00f6nermelerini yak\u0131n mercek alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. Makaleyi genel bir de\u011ferlendirmeyle bitirece\u011fiz ancak, daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, bu bir virg\u00fcl olacakt\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuram\u0131n hemen hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen bellek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye dair \u00f6nermelerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, bu makalenin devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde alana kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan, iki makale daha bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131n\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1. Max Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n (1880\u20131943) Phi Fenomeni Makalesi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Genelde kaynaklar, kuram\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Max Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n 104 sayfal\u0131k 1912 tarihli makalesiyle ba\u015flat\u0131r 3 . Makalenin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cExperimentelle Studien \u00fcber das Sehen von Bewegung (Hareketin G\u00f6r\u00fclmesi 4 \u00dczerine Deneysel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar)\u201dd\u0131r. Makalesine, hem o d\u00f6nem sinema a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bilinen hem de psikolojinin deneysel laboratuvarlar\u0131nda tespit edilmi\u015f olan, \u201czahiri hareket\u201d meselesini ele al\u0131r. Fakat Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n bu zaten bilinen fenomeni ele al\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bariz bir fark vard\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu etkiyi t\u00fcrl\u00fc farkl\u0131 uyaranlarla (\u0131\u015f\u0131k, obje vd.) ve t\u00fcrl\u00fc farkl\u0131 ara\u00e7larla (stroboskopik g\u00f6sterim, takistoskopik g\u00f6sterim) g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak Wertheimer hareketi g\u00f6rmenin deneyimsel taraf\u0131na odaklan\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n bu \u201ckurucu\u201d makalesinin kimi kritik noktalar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wertheimer d\u00f6nemin mevcut alanyaz\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 aktard\u0131ktan sonra makalesinin birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir \u00f6rnek sunup tahlil eder. \u0130ki e\u015f uzunluklu ve aralar\u0131nda 2 cm bulunan yatay \u00e7izginin yan\u0131p s\u00f6nerek belirli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile pe\u015f pe\u015fe g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenmesinin (\u015eekil 1\u2019in yaln\u0131zca a ve b \u00e7izgileriyle olan d\u00fczenek), h\u0131z y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funda tekil bir yatay \u00e7izgi varm\u0131\u015f deneyimine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, h\u0131z yava\u015f oldu\u011funda ise iki ayr\u0131 \u00e7izginin (aynen fiziken de oldu\u011fu gibi) pe\u015f pe\u015fe g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi \u015feklinde deneyimlendi\u011fini belirtir. \u00d6te yandan iki \u00e7izgi belirli bir \u2018ara h\u0131z\u2019 ile pe\u015f pe\u015fe sunuldu\u011funda sanki \u00fcstteki \u00e7izgi bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya bir yukar\u0131ya gidip geliyormu\u015f gibi, yani hareket eden tek bir nesne gibi deneyimlendi\u011fini vurgular. Buradaki kritik fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn aradaki s\u00fcre oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ektikten sonra \u00e7ok titiz bir deney serisini rapor eder. Deneyin ana ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkeni aradaki s\u00fcredir ancak bir\u00e7ok kontrol de\u011fi\u015fkeni de mevcuttur. Bunlardan biri, sunulan \u00e7izgilerin \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit \u2018konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131\u2019 (yani uzam i\u00e7inde yerle\u015fimleri), bir di\u011feri, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n dikkati (dikkatini ne \u015fekilde ve nereye odaklayaca\u011f\u0131 manip\u00fcle edilmi\u015ftir), bir di\u011feri de g\u00f6z hareketlerinin kontrol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kimi zaman, uyaran hareketli bir cihaz ile hakiki anlamda hareket eder, kimi zaman ise yaln\u0131zca iki farkl\u0131 uyaran farkl\u0131 zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclenir, yani bir \u00e7izginin hakiki hareketi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Ana ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fken, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n hakiki hareket ile zahiri hareketi birbirinden ay\u0131rt edip etmedi\u011fi ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra deneyimsel olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc ne \u015fekilde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00f6nemli bulgu, yan\u0131p s\u00f6nen birinci \u00e7izgiden sonra yan\u0131p s\u00f6nen ikinci \u00e7izgi aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre yakla\u015f\u0131k 1005 milisaniye oldu\u011funda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n hakiki ile zahiri hareketi genel olarak ay\u0131rt edemedikleri bulgusu olmu\u015ftur. Hatta Wertheimer, nadiren kimi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir fark alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu fark\u0131 tersi y\u00f6nde hissetti\u011fini, \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hareketin hakiki harekete k\u0131yasla \u201csanki daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, daha enerjik, daha bariz hareket gibi\u201d \u015feklinde ifade etti\u011fini not d\u00fc\u015fer. Benzer \u015fekilde makalenin bir yerinde kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131k\u00e7a hareketi, iki \u00e7iziginin (kendi) g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden daha evvel alg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, hatta kimi zaman iki \u00e7izgiyi de g\u00f6rmeyip yaln\u0131zca hareketi g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka bir deneyinde ise Wertheimer g\u00f6z hareketi sorununun \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in fiksasyon talimat\u0131yla yetinmez, g\u00f6z hareketinin bir anlamda \u201cetkisizle\u015ftirecek\u201d bir y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131r. Bu sefer kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda, yatay olarak alt alta dizilmi\u015f d\u00f6rt \u00e7izgi bulur ve ikinci \u00e7izgiden (\u015eekil 1b) sonra birinci \u00e7izgiyi (\u015eekil 1a) ve benzer \u015fekilde, bu harekete e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7izgiden (\u015eekil 1c) sonra d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7izgiyi (\u015eekil 1d) g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu e\u015f zamanl\u0131 iki hareket z\u0131t y\u00f6nde oldu\u011fundan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 fiksasyon talimat\u0131na uymay\u0131p birinin hareketini g\u00f6z hareketiyle takip etse de di\u011ferini takip etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar bu sefer iki ve z\u0131t y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareket g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu bulgu, hareket yan\u0131lsamas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z hareketinden kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (ne de olsa g\u00f6zlerimiz e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak z\u0131t y\u00f6ne giden hareketleri takip edemez).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(Wertheimer, 1923 makalesindeki \u00e7izimin yazar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f hali)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu bulgulardan sonra Wertheimer makalesinin be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde olup bitenin ne oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya odaklan\u0131r. Kritik deneysel ko\u015fulda uyaranlar, ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedi\u011finden, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n da hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde uyaran\u0131n uzam-zamanda s\u00fcregelen ara a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 duyumsam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o ara a\u015famalar mevcut de\u011fildir. O h\u00e2lde ne olmu\u015ftur? Olay basit bir \u201czihninde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen mant\u0131ksal \u00e7\u0131karsama\u201d eylemi midir yoksa hakiki bir fenomenal, yani deneyimsel ya\u015fant\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? \u0130kisi aras\u0131nda ilk etapta sanki pek fark yokmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de ilki, \u201colay sonras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen\u201d, yarg\u0131sal bir olayd\u0131r oysa di\u011feri, \u201ce\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak hareket \u015feklinde g\u00f6rme\u201d olarak tarif edilebilecek, an be an fenomenal\/deneyimsel bir duruma i\u015faret eder. Wertheimer olan\u0131n ikincisi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bu etkiye \u201cphi etkisi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 koyar, Yunancan\u0131n \u03a6 i\u015faretini kullanarak. Uyaran \u015fekli a g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden sonra b g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc \u015feklinde oldu\u011funda burada fenomenal olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u201ca sonra b\u201d gibi iki pe\u015f pe\u015fe uyaran g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fildir, keza \u201ca ve b\u201d gibi a ve b par\u00e7as\u0131ndan olu\u015fan hareketsiz bir \u015fekil de de\u011fildir. G\u00f6r\u00fclen, Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle \u201ca\u03a6b \u201cdir, yani tekil bir hareket \u00fcnitesidir. \u03a6 boyutu fiziksel uzamda mevcut olmadan ancak fiziksel uzam\u0131n \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir alg\u0131sal durumdur, \u00f6yle ki art\u0131k a ve b birbiriyle bir ba\u011f\/ba\u011flanma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tespitinden sonra Wertheimer birbirinden zekice tasarlanm\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeneklerle \u00f6rne\u011fin a ve b \u015fekillerini farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak, veya renklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek phi etkisinin h\u00e2len ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam etti\u011fini, tek fark\u0131n, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n \u201chareket esnas\u0131nda \u015fekil\/renk de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u201d beyan\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu vurgular. Daha \u00f6nce de bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi, dikkatin odaklan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak ele al\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan dikkatlerini a veya a ve b aras\u0131ndaki alana odaklamalar\u0131 istendi\u011finde phi etkisi \u00e7\u0131kmakta, \u00f6te yandan b\u2019ye odaklamalar\u0131 istendi\u011finde zay\u0131flamakta hatta yok olabilmektedir. Yine ba\u015fka bir deneyde a ve b\u2019nin \u2018hareket b\u00f6lgesinin\u2019 i\u00e7ine veya d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sabit bir c \u015fekli yerle\u015ftirilir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fekil \u2018hareket b\u00f6lgesinde\u2019 oldu\u011funda bile alg\u0131sal olarak a \u015fekliyle bir hareket ili\u015fkisine girmedi\u011fini, yani bir a\u03a6c olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit eder Wertheimer. Bu deney serisinde de kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n dikkat oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 yerlere y\u00f6nlendirir, yine de sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wertheimer makalesinin sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u201cGestaltsqualit\u00e4t\u201d6 (ge\u015ftalt \u00f6zelli\u011fi) tabirini kullan\u0131r ve phi olgusunun, par\u00e7alar\u0131n spesifik konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve dizili\u015fiyle bir b\u00fct\u00fcnsellik i\u00e7inde meydana geldi\u011fine i\u015faret eder. Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 makalesi ba\u015ftan sona okundu\u011funda, hem inan\u0131lmaz titiz ve bir\u00e7ok olas\u0131 etki fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc dikkate alan bir deneysel zihin hem de bir bulgunun \u00e7ok incelikli analizini g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, hem sinemadan dolay\u0131 hem de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka deneylerle \u201czahiri hareket\u201d olgusu bilinmekteydi. Ama kimse olguya Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n incelikli ve yepyeni bak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yakla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu yepyeni bak\u0131\u015f \u201cge\u015ftalt\u201d bak\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde, s\u0131k\u00e7a \u201c\u00e7alakalem\u201d iddia edildi\u011finin aksine, hem titiz deneysel kurgular ve deney serileri yer al\u0131r hem de kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n deneyimlediklerine dair yo\u011fun bir merak ve sorgulama mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Dergiler: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie ve 1922\u2019de kurulan Psychologische Forschungen<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u015ftalt ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Wolfgang K\u00f6hler (1887\u20131967) ve Kurt Koffka (1886\u20131941) da vard\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli ortak yan\u0131, fenomenolojik felsefeci ve psikolog olan ve bu iki alan\u0131 ses ve \u00f6zellikle m\u00fczi\u011fin alg\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015faran Carl Stumpf\u2019un rahle-i tedrisinden ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 olsa gerek, her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a m\u00fczikten ve ritimden \u00f6rnekler verir. O d\u00f6nemki fikirlerini ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fta gelen psikoloji dergisi (Almanya\u2019n\u0131n da muhtemelen tek dergisi) Hermann von Ebbinghaus\u2019un y\u00f6netimindeki \u201cZeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie\u201dde yay\u0131mlarlar. Kimi yaz\u0131lar\u0131 baz\u0131 yazarlara cevaben yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve anlar\u0131z ki o d\u00f6nemin ana ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden ampirist 7 bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na bu \u00fc\u00e7 gen\u00e7 ele\u015ftiriler getirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En temel sorgulamalar\u0131, bir soyutlamayla ifade edecek olursak, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki par\u00e7alar\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcne e\u015fit oldu\u011fu bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nad\u0131r ki bu bak\u0131\u015f ampirisizmin en temel \u00f6gelerindendir. Psikoloji, gen\u00e7 bir bilim alan\u0131 olarak 19\u2019ncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201ckurucu ideolojisi\u201d bu bak\u0131\u015f \u00fczerine yaslan\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re canl\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcm ruhsal\/zihinsel ve davran\u0131\u015fsal birikimleri, deneyimledikleri duyulardan ve bu duyular\u0131n biraraya gelerek alg\u0131lar, an\u0131lar, haf\u0131za ve fikirler olu\u015fturmas\u0131yla in\u015fa olur. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle sahip olunan en karma\u015f\u0131k yetiler, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ve en basit duyularla ba\u015flay\u0131p onlar\u0131n ard\u0131l deneyimler yoluyla birbirine \u201cba\u011flanmas\u0131\u201d ve giderek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201ckompleksler\u201d olu\u015fturmas\u0131 yoluyla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ebbinghaus\u2019un y\u00f6netimindeki Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie dergisinde \u00e7\u0131kan birbirinden parlak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar s\u00fcrekli bu bak\u0131\u015f etraf\u0131nda hareket eder ve do\u011fal olarak, en temel ve \u201cmolek\u00fcler\u201d duyular\u0131 en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kadar inceleyen, daha karma\u015f\u0131k deneyimlerin ise o alt yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeye koyulan makaleleler en b\u00fcy\u00fck yeri kaplar. Bu zihinsel iklimde Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kurucusu ele\u015ftirilerini dillendirmeye, yazd\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gelen itirazlara yine cevap vererek fikirlerini savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ta ki 1922\u2019de Max Wertheimer, K\u00f6hler, Koffka ve iki ki\u015fiyi daha dahil ederek \u201cPsychologische Forschung: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie und ihre Grenzwissenschaften (Psikolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma: Psikoloji Ve Onun S\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f Bilimleri \u0130\u00e7in Dergi)\u201d dergisini kurana kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yeni derginin ilk makalelerinden biri Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n, yine Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n kurucu makalelerinden say\u0131labilecek \u201cUntersuchung zur Lehre von der Gestalt\u201d8 ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nemli makalenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve \u00f6nermelerini sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde inceleyece\u011fiz. Burada kritik olan, art\u0131k \u201card\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ideolojisi \u00fczerine kurulu olmayan, yepyeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunmay\u0131 hedefleyen bir platformun kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Derginin ad\u0131nda psikolojinin \u201cyak\u0131n bilimleri\u201d ibaresi bile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n hedefledi\u011fi kapsaml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dair bir i\u015faret olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Dergi 1974\u2019e kadar devam eder etmesine ancak kurulu\u015fundan yaln\u0131zca 11 y\u0131l sonra Almanya, tarihinin en talihsiz ve en vah\u015fi fa\u015fizm d\u00f6nemine tan\u0131k olur ve o topraklarda ye\u015feren t\u00fcm entelekt\u00fcel hayat bilimiyle ve sanat\u0131yla yerle bir edilir. Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n kurucular\u0131ndan biri ailesinin her iki taraf\u0131yla Yahudi (Wertheimer ki Einstein\u2019\u0131n da yak\u0131n dostudur), di\u011feri ailesinin bir taraf\u0131yla Yahudidir (Koffka). K\u00f6hler ise Yahudi olmasa da Nazi d\u00f6neminde onlara y\u00f6nelik sert ele\u015ftiri yazabilmi\u015f yegane Alman bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r ve bundan dolay\u0131 Berlin\u2019deki Psikoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde, d\u00f6nemin en sayg\u0131n bilim insanlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle \u00f6\u011frencileri hedef al\u0131narak a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lara maruz kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Nazi Almanyas\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne G\u00f6\u00e7, Kuram\u0131n Amerika\u2019daki Takip\u00e7ileri<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka ve en son Wolfgang K\u00f6hler de tek tek Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk eder.9 En son terkeden, son noktaya kadar Nazi ideolojisine kar\u015f\u0131 sert muhalifli\u011finden taviz vermeden 1935\u2019e kadar Almanya\u2019daki pozisyonu muhafaza eden K\u00f6hler olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck beyin o d\u00f6neme kadar yazd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7izdikleriyle bile Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin en prestijli \u00fcniversitelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne de \u00fcniversitelerde yer temin edilir. Ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de nihayetinde kendi topraklar\u0131ndan ve entelekt\u00fcel iklimlerinden kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve t\u00fcm biriktirdiklerini bamba\u015fka bir \u00fclke ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ortam\u0131nda yeniden anlatmak ve ikna etmek zorunda kalacakt\u0131r. Yine de 1950\u2019lere kadar az\u0131msanmayacak bir etki yarat\u0131rlar. Bu etki \u00f6ncelikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn muazzam parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gelir. \u00d6rne\u011fin K\u00f6hler, Harvard\u2019a William James konu\u015fma serisini vermek \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. Koffka 1936\u2019da bana g\u00f6re psikolojinin en iyi ders kitaplar\u0131ndan birini yazar, 1943\u2019te beklenmedik \u015fekilde vefat eden Wertheimer\u2019in etkisinin ise etkileyici ki\u015fili\u011fi ve verdi\u011fi konu\u015fmalara dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (bk. Mandler, 2007). Vefat etti\u011finde \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cProductive Thinking (\u00dcretken D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme)\u201d kitab\u0131 hen\u00fcz yeni tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iki y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap geometri ve cebir \u00f6rnekleri yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Galileo, Gauss ve dostu Einstein\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme bi\u00e7imlerini Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde inceler. Bu i\u00e7erik, kitab\u0131n 1945\u2019teki bask\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra neden her d\u00f6nem yeniden bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda, 2020\u2019de, Viktor Sarris\u2019in edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde son bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gayet anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada birka\u00e7 noktaya de\u011finmek gerekli olabilir. \u00d6ncelikle g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri t\u00fcm sayg\u0131 ve de\u011fere ra\u011fmen i\u00e7ine \u201cd\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri\u201d bilimsel ideoloji davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k idi. Yani yine her \u015feyin par\u00e7alardan birle\u015fe birle\u015fe in\u015fa oldu\u011fu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcne e\u015fit oldu\u011fu bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakimdi, \u00fcstelik en sert \u015fekliyle. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u00f6z konusu ekol fenomenal ya\u015fant\u0131\/deneyime bakmak bir yana, biyolojik olarak zihne bak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 dahi \u201cgereksiz\u201d bulur ve pragmatik bir d\u0131\u015fsal uyaran manip\u00fclasyonu ile bunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015fsal tepki aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurarak insana ve genel olarak canl\u0131ya dair her \u015feyi a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ekol\u00fcnden kopan Karl Lashley gibi ilerinin biyoloji devriminin \u00f6nc\u00fclleri de, her ne kadar zihni ve beyni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131na alsa da yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak yine \u201cya\u015fant\u0131lan\u0131m\u201d, yani fenomenal deneyim odakl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 mesafelidir. 10 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu \u00fc\u00e7 kurucunun A.B.D.\u2019de Anglo-Amerikan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fenomenolojiye kar\u015f\u0131 \u201ctedirginli\u011fi\u201d ile de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz, bunu K\u00f6hler daha \u00f6nce bahsini etti\u011fimiz 1959 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda da zarif\u00e7e dile getirmi\u015ftir. Yerle\u015ftikleri \u00fcniversitelerde doktora \u00f6\u011frencileri olamam\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1910\u2019lu y\u0131llardan 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadarki Almanya d\u00f6nemlerinde inan\u0131lmaz bir verimle birbirinden yetenekli doktora \u00f6\u011frencileriyle h\u00e2l\u00e2 ilham veren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f olsalar da art\u0131k bu imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 akamete u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bahsi ge\u00e7en doktora \u00f6\u011frencilerinden Hedwig von Restorff, K\u00f6hler\u2019in 1935\u2019de Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmesi ve Berlin\u2019deki Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kapanmas\u0131yla psikolojiyi b\u0131rak\u0131r ve t\u0131p alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar (MacLeod, 2020). D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00fczerine yine \u00e7ok yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve etki g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek bir tez yazan Karl Duncker ise sosyalist bir ailedendir. K\u00f6hler ona dokunulmas\u0131n\u0131 1935\u2019e kadar engellemeyi ba\u015far\u0131r ama sonras\u0131nda K\u00f6hler\u2019in Nazi rejiminin mecbur tuttu\u011fu \u201cba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yeminini\u201d etmeyip Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmesiyle Duncker da birka\u00e7 \u00fclkeyi dola\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra A.B.D.\u2019de bir \u00fcniversiteden teklif al\u0131r, oradayken etkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya devam eder, ancak \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 bir ya\u015fta 1940\u2019da intihar eder. Ge\u015ftalt\u2019\u0131n kurucular\u0131yla doktoralar\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131, sanat ve estetik alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sunmu\u015f Rudolf Arnheim (Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi) ve g\u00f6rsel ve i\u015fitsel alg\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f Hans Wallach da vard\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer dikkat \u00e7eken, az bilinen, ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ge\u015ftalt kuramc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belle\u011fe dair yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitap nedeniyle i\u015faret edilen ki\u015fi Erich Goldmeier\u2019dir. Goldmeier\u2019\u0131n annesinin ve babas\u0131n\u0131n Auschwitz\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu ve kendisinin, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Naziler iktidara gelir gelmez Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne yerle\u015fti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131, Nazi d\u00f6neminde Almanya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalmayan ve o ihtiyac\u0131 duymanlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Wolfgang Metzger ki ilk i\u015f Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc devral\u0131r ve hemen Nazi partisine \u00fcye olur; bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Edwin Rausch ve Kurt Gottschaldt da Almanya\u2019da kalanlardand\u0131r. Ancak onlar, Metzger derecesinde bir yanda\u015fl\u0131k gayretine girmediklerinden Nazi d\u00f6neminde bir nebze marjinalize edilirler (ger\u00e7i Gottschaldt\u2019\u0131n Nazilerle ili\u015fkisine dair farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in bk. Mastroianni, 2006) bilimin ana ekseni art\u0131k \u00e7oktan Amerika\u2019ya kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve hemen hepsi Almanca olan yay\u0131nlar\u0131 pek bilinmez, \u00e7o\u011fu da terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f de\u011fildir.11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ise Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 niteli\u011finde ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r, hatta hem Kurt Koffka hem Wolfgang K\u00f6hler ile yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f Mary Henle belki de tektir, Mary Henle kuram\u0131 birka\u00e7 \u2018pratik ve kolay anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r\u2019 g\u00f6rsel uyaranla anlatmak yerine kuram\u0131n derin kavramsal taraf\u0131n\u0131n da iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yo\u011fun u\u011fra\u015f verir ve 1961\u2019de, Ellis\u2019in 1938 tarihli titizlikten uzak derleme terc\u00fcmesinden farkl\u0131 olarak, titizlikle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f makalelerden ve terc\u00fcmelerden olu\u015fan \u201cDocuments of Gestalt Psychology (Ge\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131n\u0131n Belgeleri)\u201d isimli antolojiyi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Henle, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar kuram\u0131n \u00f6nemli ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Solomon Asch ise Polonya k\u00f6kenli bir ikinci ku\u015fak Amerikal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7mendir. Asch, sosyal psikolojinin Milgram ile birlikte an\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Anglo-Amerikan\u2019n\u0131n Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n takip\u00e7ilerinden biri oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok az ki\u015finin bilmesi dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 psikologlar aras\u0131nda kuram\u0131n \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131 ve yarat\u0131c\u0131\/\u00fcretici d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ilham alm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filer mevcuttur ki bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 \u201cdo\u011frudan alg\u0131\u201d kuram\u0131n\u0131n sahibi James Gibson\u2019dur. Gibson\u2019\u0131n K\u00f6hler\u2019\u0131n seminerlerini d\u00fczenli takip etti\u011fi belirtilir (Mandler, 2007). Nitekim ekolojik alg\u0131y\u0131, yani hakiki \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu ve hareket i\u00e7eren uzam i\u00e7indeki alg\u0131y\u0131 ele alan Gibson belki de alg\u0131 kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n en radikalini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Ekolojik diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu uzam\u0131n, Ge\u015ftalt\u00e7\u0131lar gibi gayet anlaml\u0131 ili\u015fkiler bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu ili\u015fkilerin bilgi olarak rahat\u00e7a, hi\u00e7bir ara kademeye veya a\u015famal\u0131 belleksel birikimlere ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan edinilebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Son olarak ise 1950\u2019lilerde bilgisayarlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ideolojisine kar\u015f\u0131 bir devrim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cbili\u015fsel devrim\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131na alan a\u00e7arken ve onlar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6rsellerinden faydalan\u0131rken hakikatte asl\u0131nda yine ard\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k ve belle\u011fe dayal\u0131 bilgi i\u015flemeyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan bir ekol olmu\u015ftur. Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n kavramsal \u00f6nermelerinden \u00e7ok g\u00f6rsel \u00f6rneklerine hakim olan ki\u015filer, genelde bili\u015fsel psikolojinin bu kuram\u0131n modern versiyonu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrse de bu yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makalemin sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde bunun neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. 1938 T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nde Ge\u015ftalt \u00dczerine \u00c7\u0131kan Bir Makale: \u201cGe\u015ftalt Nazariyesi\u201d<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin Halkevleri\u2019nin 1933 ile 1950 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00dclk\u00fc\u201d dergisinin 1938 tarihli 11. cildin 66 nolu say\u0131s\u0131nda, zaman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sosyologlar\u0131ndan Ziyaeddin Fahri\u2019nin, d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli hekim, psikolog ve psikoterapistlerinden Pierre Janet\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131 derlemesinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terc\u00fcmesini sundu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz12 . G\u00f6rsel 1\u2019de s\u00f6z konusu makalenin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn kesiti sunulmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk c\u00fcmle \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cAsr\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en yeni felsefi nazariyelerinden biri olan \u201c\u015fekil nazariyesi\u201d etraf\u0131nda memleketimizde pek az ne\u015friyat yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d (\u00dclk\u00fc, 1938, s. 486). Ard\u0131ndan d\u00f6nemin hangi felsefe profes\u00f6rlerinin bu \u201cnazariye\u201d \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaz\u0131p \u00e7izdi\u011fi aktar\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu konularda tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapmak isteyeni kan\u0131mca \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 ve muhtemelen kimi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir yolculuk bekledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
(\u00dclk\u00fc Dergisi, 1938)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131, Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerde daha Avrupa\u2019da bile yeni yeni farkedildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Fahri\u2019nin bahsini etti\u011fi, Janet\u2019nin Zek\u00e2 kitab\u0131 onun 1932\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u201cLes debuts de l\u2019intelligence (Zek\u00e2n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131)\u201d isimli kitab\u0131d\u0131r) \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131lmayacak bir gecikmeyle bu co\u011frafyaya gelmesi ve konuya dair T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gen\u00e7 cumhuriyetinde de tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Fakat ilgin\u00e7 olan hem Janet\u2019in hem de Fahri\u2019nin bu kuram\u0131n \u00f6nemini hissetmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yine ne ilgin\u00e7tir ki Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131 Japonya\u2019lara kadar bir etki g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmu\u015f (Zanforlin, 2004) ama bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc psikolojinin ana ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na girmeyi ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun muhtemel nedenleri \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye de\u011ferdir kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131na dair g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz alanyaz\u0131n\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda makalelerin hemen hepsinin ya Ge\u015ftalt terapi \u00fczerine (ki Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenleri taraf\u0131ndan, Ge\u015ftalt\u2019tan s\u00f6zc\u00fck olarak ilham alm\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u00e7ok bir ili\u015fki bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir, bk. Henle, 1978 ve Schultz, 1981) ya da e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Kaygusuz, 2014; Ko\u00e7 ve Bulut, 2014; Zeren, 2008). \u0130kincisi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kuram e\u011fitim ve kavramaya y\u00f6nelik bu zamana kadar gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f kuramlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ve yepyeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131 mimarl\u0131k ve tasar\u0131m dergileri ve tezlerinde s\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Akkurt, 2019). Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e web sayfas\u0131nda da kuram\u0131n kimi \u00f6rneklerine dair bilgiler mevcut (\u00f6rn., https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestalt_psikolojisi;<\/a> https:\/\/miesofficial.com\/blog\/gestaltkurami-nedir-ve-ilkeleri-nelerdir\/;<\/a> https:\/\/www.iienstitu.com\/blog\/gestalt-kurami-ve-ilkeleri)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak t\u00fcm bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z, biraz Amerika\u2019dakine benzer \u015fekilde, kuram\u0131n yaln\u0131zca en can al\u0131c\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle y\u00fczeyindeki unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar ki bu unsurlar\u0131n hemen hepsi, g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6rneklerinden se\u00e7melerdir veya onlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f halleridir. Bu da, yine mevcut Amerika eksenli ana ak\u0131m psikolojinin kendi bilgi eksikli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n sanki sadece alg\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ele gelir \u015feyler \u00f6nerdi\u011fi, psikolojinin t\u00fcm di\u011fer alanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik pek de katk\u0131 sunabilecek bilgiler \u00fcretmedi\u011fi yan\u0131lsamas\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirme riskini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlisi ise, Ge\u015ftalt kuramc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n inan\u0131lmaz derinlikli yaz\u0131lar\u0131na ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yer verilmez ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuram\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00fcretken bir kuram yerine, sanki yaln\u0131zca, belirli ilgin\u00e7likleri betimleyen bir bak\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f gibi ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu makalenin amac\u0131 ise tam da bu bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmakt\u0131r. Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn amac\u0131, \u00e7ok\u00e7a yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kuram\u0131n ana tespitlerini listelemek yerine onlar\u0131 kavramsal ba\u011flamlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1 Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi, Psikoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, esra.mungan(at)boun.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000\u20130002\u20130435\u20136931<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 \u201cGestalt\u201d Almanca bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr, \u0130ngilizce ve bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka dil s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011frudan Almanca haliyle kullan\u0131l\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam zenginli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tam terc\u00fcmesi zor bir kavramd\u0131r. Genel hatlar\u0131yla \u201c\u015fekil\u201d, \u201cform\u201d, \u201colu\u015fum\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve t\u00fcm bu anlam katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 nedeniyle dilimizdeki Arap\u00e7a k\u00f6kenli \u201cte\u015fekk\u00fcl\u201d ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc derecede \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn do\u011fru okunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm makale boyunca T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u201c\u015f\u201d harfi kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde \u201cGe\u015ftalt\u201d tabirinin disiplinler \u00f6tesi bir yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu, yaln\u0131zca psikoloji veya tasar\u0131m veya mimarl\u0131k veya m\u00fczik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 de\u011fil t\u0131p alan\u0131ndan tarih alan\u0131na kadar bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe dair \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir a\u015final\u0131\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011funa tan\u0131k oldum. Ancak nedense bu Almanca s\u00f6zc\u00fck T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede GE\u015ftalt olarak okunuyor, oysa bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak birinci heceyi vurgulayan bir dil olsa da, Almancada Ge\u015eTALT olarak okunur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cge-\u201c basit, anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayan bir \u00f6nektir, as\u0131l anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u0131s\u0131m ikinci k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. \u0130ngilizcede bu vurgu hatas\u0131 yap\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye bu vurgu hatas\u0131n\u0131n nereden geldi\u011fi ise bir muamma\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Ancak bk. Michael Wertheimer (2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 Burada \u00f6zellikle bire bir terc\u00fcme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131kta \u201calg\u0131\u201d olarak terc\u00fcme edece\u011fimiz bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r, bunun da nedeni o d\u00f6nemin deneysel psikolojisi i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak duyu meselesinin \u00f6n planda olu\u015fu olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Wagemans ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (2012) makalesinde bu optimal s\u00fcre yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla 60 milisaniye olarak aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r oysa Wertheimer 1912 makalesinde \u201ceine Zehntelsekunde\u201d yani bir saniyenin onda biri ifadesini kullan\u0131r (Wertheimer, 1912a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 Bu tabir ilk defa Christian von Ehrenfels (1890) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rne\u011fin bir melodinin bir gamdan ba\u015fka bir gama aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u201cayn\u0131l\u0131k\u201d vasf\u0131n\u0131 yitirmeyi\u015fi anlam\u0131na gelen \u201caktar\u0131m\u201d veya \u201ctranspozisyon\u201d olgusu kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Von Ehrenfels, ge\u015ftalt \u00f6zelli\u011fini par\u00e7alar\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan \u201cfazla\u201d bir \u015fey olarak tan\u0131mlar. Wertheimer ve di\u011fer kurucular ise b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc par\u00e7alar\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 (kalitatif olarak farkl\u0131) bir \u015fey olarak tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 Ampirisist yerine ampirist ifadesini K\u00f6hler\u2019in 1950 \u201cPsychology and Evolution (Psikoloji ve Evrim)\u201d makalesindeki gerek\u00e7esine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir referansla \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131yoruz. K\u00f6hler bunu \u201campirisist\u201d dendi\u011finde bu ekolun felsefecisinin kastedilmesi gerekti\u011fini, \u00f6te yandan felsefeci olmay\u0131p yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilim \u015fekli, fark\u0131nda olarak veya olmayarak, \u201cbo\u015f levha\u201d ve mekanistik bak\u0131\u015f varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayal\u0131 olanlara \u201campirist\u201d denmesinin daha uygun olaca\u011f\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131yor ve bence hakl\u0131d\u0131r da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 Bu makaleye g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar Google Akademik\u2019a g\u00f6re tam 2270 sefer referans yap\u0131lsa dahi tam haliyle \u0130ngilizceye hen\u00fcz \u00e7evrilmi\u015f de\u011fil. Kanada\u2019n\u0131n York \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin psikoloji klasikleri isimli websayfas\u0131ndaki \u0130ngilizce metin Ellis\u2019in 1938 kitab\u0131ndaki \u201ckabataslak\u201d \u00f6zetini verir. Orjinal Almanca makale 50 sayfad\u0131r, Ellis\u2019in \u00f6zet terc\u00fcmesi 18 sayfad\u0131r. Ellis makalenin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirip \u201cAlg\u0131sal Formlarda D\u00fczenleni\u015f Kanunlar\u0131\u201d diye terc\u00fcme eder. Oysa Ge\u015ftalt s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131kta olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok kritiktir. \u015eu \u015fekilde \u00e7evrilebilir, \u201cGe\u015ftalt Kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncelemesi\u201d. Asl\u0131nda orjinal ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bitiminde, bir \u201cII.\u201d ibaresi mevcut. Bu da, bu makalesini \u00f6nceleyen \u201cI.\u201d nolu bir makale oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder. Ancak buna ili\u015fkin hi\u00e7bir kaynak, ne Almanca ne \u0130ngilizce olarak bulamad\u0131m, belki o \u201cI.\u201d nolu makale Ebbinghaus\u2019un \u201cZeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie\u201d dergisinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve bir \u015fekilde \u201ckaybolmu\u015ftur\u201d veya hi\u00e7bir zaman yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cI.\u201dnolu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya \u2014 Wertheimer\u2019\u0131n kendisi dahil \u2014 referans veren bir makaleye de denk gelmedik).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9 Buna dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir anlat\u0131m Henle\u2019de (1978) bulunabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Lashley, Sperry ile birlikte, do\u011frudan Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n alan \u00f6nermesini bir deney serisi ile test eder ve bulgular\u0131n kuram\u0131n beklentileriyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fini raporlar ancak K\u00f6hler bu deneyin sorunlar\u0131na i\u015faret eder (bk. Wagemans ve ark., 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn tarihsel bilgilerini yazarken Wagemans\u2019dan (2015 ve 2012) ve Mandler\u2019dan (2007) faydaland\u0131m. Erich Goldmeier\u2019\u0131n ismine ise, Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019daki \u00f6nemli temsilcilerinden Gaetano Kanizsa ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, kendisi de kuram\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc savunucular\u0131ndan olan emeritus profes\u00f6r Riccardo Luccio dikkatimi \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 dikkatime getiren \u00f6\u011frencim M. Aziz Akkaya\u2019ya te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim. Derslerde Ge\u015ftalt kuram\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011fun \u015fekilde vurgulayan bir hoca olarak \u00f6\u011frencimin tesad\u00fcfen HTR 312 Atat\u00fcrk \u0130lkeleri ve \u0130nkilaplar\u0131 dersinde sunulan bir birincil kaynak dergi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnde buna denk gelince heyecanla beni haberdar etmi\u015fti.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2074,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[245,289,94,93,234,691,64,233,92,74,311,933,934,932,936,938,290,76,244,482,75,177,80,937,81,935,96,176],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2073","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-algi","event_publishing_tags-bilim-tarihi","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-felsefe","event_publishing_tags-gestalt","event_publishing_tags-gestalt-kurami","event_publishing_tags-gestalt-teori","event_publishing_tags-gestalt-theory","event_publishing_tags-history","event_publishing_tags-history-of-psychology","event_publishing_tags-history-of-science","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-perception","event_publishing_tags-philmind","event_publishing_tags-philosophy","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-mind","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji-tarihi","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-tarih","event_publishing_tags-zihin","event_publishing_tags-zihin-felsefesi","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2073","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2073\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2073"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}