{"id":2069,"date":"2021-05-19T15:00:57","date_gmt":"2021-05-19T15:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2069"},"modified":"2025-09-07T19:46:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T19:46:04","slug":"hafizamiz-bizi-yaniltiyor-mu-mandela-etkisi-irmak-biriz-kuupj","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/hafizamiz-bizi-yaniltiyor-mu-mandela-etkisi-irmak-biriz-kuupj\/","title":{"rendered":"Haf\u0131zam\u0131z Bizi Yan\u0131lt\u0131yor Mu? Mandela Etkisi\u00a0\u2014 Irmak Biriz (KUUPJ)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu metin CogIST ve Ko\u00e7 University Undergraduate Psychology Journal (KUUPJ) i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. KUUPJ\u2019nin di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u00e7 kesinlikle do\u011fru hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131za emin oldu\u011funuz, hatta belki \u00e7evrenizin de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olay\u0131n asl\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ettiniz mi? Belki de hi\u00e7 var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131? E\u011fer bu durum size tan\u0131d\u0131k geliyorsa, \u201cMandela Etkisi\u201d ya\u015f\u0131yor olabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7o\u011fumuzun oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kutu oyunu olan Monopoly\u2019i ele alal\u0131m: logosundaki adam\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde monokl (tek g\u00f6zl\u00fck) var m\u0131d\u0131r, yok mudur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu insan adam\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde canland\u0131rabilir, hatta g\u00f6zl\u00fck oldu\u011funa emindir. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan \u015fey ise, logodaki adam\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman hi\u00e7bir \u00e7e\u015fit g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan bir\u00e7ok insan \u015fapkal\u0131 harflerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131r, bu durumla ilgili hat\u0131ralar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Oysa dilimizde buna benzer bir de\u011fi\u015fim asla yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bak\u0131rc\u0131, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki nas\u0131l oluyor da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitle aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na olmayan olaylara dair an\u0131lara sahip olabiliyor? Fiona Broome bu duruma, y\u0131llar boyunca bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n seksenlerde hapishanede \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131yor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen doksanlarda ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yap\u0131p asl\u0131nda 2013\u2019te \u00f6len Nelson Mandela\u2019ya dikkat \u00e7ekerek \u201cMandela Etkisi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Dahas\u0131, az\u0131msanamayacak say\u0131da insan\u0131n Mandela\u2019n\u0131n seksenlerde televizyonda \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini (bazen cenazesini bile) izledi\u011fine dair an\u0131lar\u0131 var. Fakat bu an\u0131lar\u0131n tamam\u0131 geni\u015f insan gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lan var olmam\u0131\u015f an\u0131lar, yani kolektif bir yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlama. Kendini \u201cparanormal dan\u0131\u015fman\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlayan Fiona Broome bu olay\u0131n paralel ger\u00e7ekliklerin etkile\u015fiminden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor. \u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ger\u00e7eklik sonsuz say\u0131daki evrenlerden sadece bir tanesi ve bizim ger\u00e7ekli\u011fimiz alternatif evrenlerle temas ettik\u00e7e zihinlerimizde bu kolektif yanl\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rlamalar\u0131, yani Mandela etkisini olu\u015fturuyor (Eske, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim kurgu kitab\u0131ndan bir konsept gibi, de\u011fil mi? \u0130lgin\u00e7 oldu\u011fu su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez olsa da ne kadar ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oldu\u011fu olduk\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131. Teoriyi destekleyen (veya \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten) herhangi bir kan\u0131t yok, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ps\u00fcdo-bilim olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7emiyor. \u00d6te yandan, psikolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n olayla ilgili farkl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 var: sahte an\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahte an\u0131lar, ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na emin oldu\u011fumuz ama asl\u0131nda ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczden farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f haf\u0131za par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Haf\u0131zam\u0131z video kaydedici gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz, bir\u00e7ok durumda olay\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlay\u0131p detaylar\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftiririz. \u00d6nyarg\u0131lar ya da duygular gibi etkenler haf\u0131zam\u0131z\u0131n objektif olmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Sahte an\u0131lar\u0131n yarat\u0131m\u0131nda rol oynayan ve Mandela etkisini do\u011furabilecek iki temel mekanizmadan bahsedilebilir: kaynak izleme hatas\u0131 ve konfab\u00fclasyon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak izleme hatas\u0131, haf\u0131zam\u0131zdaki belirli bir bilgiyi veya an\u0131y\u0131 nereden bildi\u011fimizin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilen bir bellek yan\u0131lsamas\u0131d\u0131r (Johnson, 1997). Bilgiyi nereden edindi\u011fimizi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kendi kafam\u0131zda olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz bir fikir veya an\u0131y\u0131 duyulmu\u015f veya ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f bir deneyim sanmam\u0131za dahi neden olabilir. Elizabeth Loftus\u2019un \u201cal\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezinde kaybolma\u201d deneyi belle\u011fin bu zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkili \u015fekilde ortaya seriyor. Her kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in aileleriyle konu\u015farak elde edilen \u00fc\u00e7 ger\u00e7ek, bir sahte \u00e7ocukluk an\u0131s\u0131 yazd\u0131ktan sonra, Loftus ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (1997) t\u00fcm kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131larla \u00fc\u00e7 kere g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek an\u0131lar\u0131 anlat\u0131p hat\u0131rlay\u0131p hat\u0131rlamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 soruyorlar. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 25\u2019i bu sahte al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezi an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u201chat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u201d emin oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor! \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaynak izleme hatas\u0131 sonucu, dinledikleri an\u0131y\u0131 kendi haf\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak atfediyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahte an\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda etkili olan bir di\u011fer fakt\u00f6r konfab\u00fclasyon ise bir \u00e7e\u015fit bo\u015fluk doldurma. Haf\u0131zam\u0131z bir olay\u0131n ana fikrini hat\u0131rlay\u0131p, detaylar\u0131 hat\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda hikayedeki eksik k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f bilgi ve mant\u0131k \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde biz fark\u0131na bile varmadan yeniden in\u015fa edebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Deese-Roediger ve McDermott paradigmas\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan birbirleriyle ili\u015fkili kelimelerden olu\u015fan bir listeyi (\u201cyast\u0131k\u201d, \u201cyorgan\u201d, \u201cr\u00fcya\u201d gibi kelimeler) \u00f6\u011frenmelerini isteyip sonras\u0131nda kelime tan\u0131ma testi yap\u0131yor. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 listenin konseptine yak\u0131n, ama listede bulunmayan kelimeleri (mesela \u201cuyku\u201d) listede g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyor (Delgado & Payne, 2017). Bunun sebebi listedeki kelimeleri teker teker \u00f6\u011frenmek yerine alakal\u0131 olduklar\u0131 konsepti \u00f6\u011frenmek ve haf\u0131zam\u0131zdaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde tamamlamay\u0131 se\u00e7iyor olmam\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belle\u011fimizin bize ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yan\u0131lg\u0131lar Mandela etkisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde incelendi\u011finde bizi \u015fema nedenli hatalara itti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u015eemalar, \u015fimdiye kadarki deneyim ve fikirlerimizle zihnimizde olu\u015fturdu\u011fumuz \u201cbilgi paketleridir\u201d (Dagnall & Drinkwater, 2018). \u015eemalar sayesinde \u00f6nceki deneyimlerimiz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 belirli k\u00fcmeler \u015feklinde kodlayabilir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda zihinsel efordan tasarruf edebiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin Brewer ve Treyens\u2019in (1981) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar bir ofiste bekledikten sonra ba\u015fka bir odaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve ofisteki nesnelerle ilgili neler hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131na dair sorular sorulmu\u015ftur. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde bir\u00e7ok kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckitapl\u0131kta duran kitaplar\u201d gibi birbirine benzer yanl\u0131\u015f cevaplar verdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Bunun sebebi ise ofis \u015femas\u0131nda g\u00f6rmeye al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n oldu\u011fumuz belli ba\u015fl\u0131 nesneler olmas\u0131 ve haf\u0131zam\u0131z\u0131 bu \u015femaya uygun olarak d\u00fczenliyor olmam\u0131zd\u0131r. Kaynak izleme hatalar\u0131 \u015femalar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 fark etmeden \u015femalar\u0131m\u0131zdaki bilgileri tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz olaylara atfetmemizden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir asl\u0131nda. Ba\u015fka bir de\u011fi\u015fle, haf\u0131zam\u0131zdaki bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptamadaki hatalar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde konfab\u00fclasyonda bizi haf\u0131zam\u0131zdaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 \u015femam\u0131zda olan haz\u0131r bilgilerle doldurmaya itebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplum olarak ya\u015faman\u0131n ve s\u00fcrekli etkile\u015fimde olman\u0131n sonucu olarak benzer \u015femalar olu\u015fturuyor ve d\u0131\u015f etmenlerden benzer \u015fekillerde etkileniyoruz. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bahsedilen Monopoly logosundaki adam \u00f6rne\u011fini ele alal\u0131m: smokin giyen ve baston ta\u015f\u0131yan ya\u015fl\u0131 bir adam oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrde ya\u015fl\u0131lar \u201ckibarl\u0131k\u201d, \u201c\u015fefkat\u201d gibi daha s\u0131cak kavramlarla ili\u015fkilendirildikleri kadar \u201cg\u00f6rmek veya y\u00fcr\u00fcmekte zorluk\u201d ya da \u201cunutkanl\u0131k\u201d gibi yeterlilikte de daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir noktada da pozisyonlan\u0131yorlar (Cuddy et al., 2005). Monokl g\u00f6rmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olma fonksiyonu ve genelde eski aristokrat resimlerle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmaya al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuzdan dolay\u0131 \u201ckibarl\u0131k\u201d ile ili\u015fkilendirmemiz olduk\u00e7a normaldir. Do\u011fal olarak zihnimizde bu tan\u0131mlamaya uyan Monopoly\u2019deki g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc, ya\u015fl\u0131 adam\u0131n monokl kullan\u0131yor olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 yabanc\u0131 gelmez. Hatta biraz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckten g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fczde bile canland\u0131rabilir, akl\u0131m\u0131zdaki imgeyi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcz gibi hissederiz. Oysa bu haf\u0131zam\u0131z\u0131n bize oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir oyundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda internetin hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmesi sonucu s\u00fcrekli yeni bilgilere maruz kal\u0131yoruz. Sosyal normlar de\u011fi\u015fip bizi her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla mesaj, haber ve geli\u015fmeye maruz b\u0131rakmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kapasitemiz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Bu u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z mental girdilerle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmaktaki zorluk, zihnimizde daha fazla k\u0131sa yol, yani \u015fema olu\u015fmas\u0131na ve bu \u015femalara daha s\u0131k ba\u015fvurmam\u0131za sebep oluyor (Byyny, 2016). Ayr\u0131ca farkl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n bizim ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za benzer deneyimlerini duyduk\u00e7a, kendi an\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zla ilgili detaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yitirmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fiyle beraber insanlar aras\u0131 etkile\u015fimler artt\u0131k\u00e7a Mandela etkisinin g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Mandela etkisi gibi geni\u015f kitleleri ayn\u0131 anda yan\u0131lg\u0131ya s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen bir olay\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda paralel evrenlerin yat\u0131p yatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in yeterli bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz. \u00d6te yandan, insan beyninin \u015fu ana kadar bilinen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde belle\u011fimizin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in \u015femalar gibi k\u0131sa yollara ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu ve sahte an\u0131lar olu\u015fturdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek \u015fimdilik \u00e7ok daha inan\u0131labilir duruyor. Her \u015fekilde, kesin yarg\u0131lara varabilmek i\u00e7in konuyla ilgili ke\u015ffedecek \u00e7ok \u015fey var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dagnall, N. & Drinkwater, K. (2018). \u201cThe Mandela Effect\u201d. The Conversation<\/em>, web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brewer, W. F. & Treyens J. C. (1981). \u201cRole of schemata in memory for places\u201d. Cognitive Psychology<\/em>, Volume 13\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-0285(81)90008-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delgado E. P. & Payne, J. D. (2017). \u201cThe Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory\u201d. J Vis Exp, (119) 54793. doi: 10.3791\/54793<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Byyny, R. L. (2016). \u201cInformation and Cognitive Overload\u201d, Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc, <\/em>79(4): 2\u20137.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuddy, A. J. C., Norton M. I., Fiske, S. T. 2005. \u201cThis Old Stereotype: The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the Elderly Stereotype\u201d, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 61, \u21162.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, E. (1997). \u201cCreating False Memories\u201d. Scientific American<\/em>, Vol.277 \u21163 p.70\u201375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bak\u0131rc\u0131, \u00c7. M. (2020). \u201cSahte An\u0131lar: Beynimiz Sahte An\u0131lar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Yarat\u0131yor?\u201d. Evrim A\u011fac\u0131<\/em>, web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eske, J. (2020). \u201cWhat is the Mandela Effect?\u201d. Medical News Today<\/em>, web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, M. K. (1997). \u201cSource Monitoring and Memory Distortion\u201d. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. Biol Sci, <\/em>352(1362): 1733\u20131745.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2070,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[138,94,93,234,691,64,233,92,323,913,914,137,80,81],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2069","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-bellek","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-mandela-effect","event_publishing_tags-mandela-etkisi","event_publishing_tags-memory","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2069\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2070"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2069"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}