{"id":2065,"date":"2021-01-10T15:00:51","date_gmt":"2021-01-10T15:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2065"},"modified":"2025-09-07T19:44:40","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T19:44:40","slug":"alkol-bilissel-bozulmayi-yavaslatiyor-olabilir-mi-irmak-biriz-kuupj","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/alkol-bilissel-bozulmayi-yavaslatiyor-olabilir-mi-irmak-biriz-kuupj\/","title":{"rendered":"Alkol Bili\u015fsel Bozulmay\u0131 Yava\u015flat\u0131yor Olabilir Mi? \u2014 Irmak Biriz (KUUPJ)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu metin CogIST ve Ko\u00e7 University Undergraduate Psychology Journal (KUUPJ) i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. KUUPJ\u2019nin di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun ve yo\u011fun i\u015f temposu bittikten sonra arkada\u015flarla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p yuvarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z birka\u00e7 kadeh rak\u0131, tuttu\u011funuz tak\u0131m\u0131n ma\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 izlerken i\u00e7ti\u011finiz o buz gibi bira, ya da belki romantik bir gecenin e\u015flik\u00e7isi olarak a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir \u015fi\u015fe \u015farap beyninizi ger\u00e7ekten bili\u015fsel bozulmalara kar\u015f\u0131 koruyabilir mi? Fazla miktar alkol t\u00fcketiminin zararlar\u0131 \u00e7ok\u00e7a ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da az miktarda t\u00fcketildi\u011finde alkol\u00fcn bili\u015fsel performans \u00fczerinde olumlu etkileri olabilece\u011fi olduk\u00e7a yeni ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir bulgu!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve hayat\u0131m\u0131zda \u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle \u00f6nemli yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ek: binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden bu yana dini t\u00f6renlerden t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahalelere, ticaretten e\u011flenceye say\u0131s\u0131z alanda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; \u201ctanr\u0131n\u0131n hediyesi\u201d olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olmu\u015f. Her ne kadar y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bu kadar i\u00e7inde olmu\u015f ve olmaya devam ediyor olsa da -\u00f6zellikle fazla miktarlarda t\u00fcketildi\u011finde- alkol\u00fcn sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hafif bir \u201cak\u015famdan kalma\u201ddan daha tehlikeli olabilece\u011fi de -k\u00f6keni kadar olmasa bile- uzun zamand\u0131r bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn hatal\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksek tansiyon ve fel\u00e7 riskini art\u0131rman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kalp ve damar sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da ciddi bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyor. Ayr\u0131ca, \u201calkol ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131\u201d te\u015fhisi konulan bireylerin beyinlerinde, bili\u015fsel faaliyetlerde \u00f6nemli rol oynayan beyaz madde ve gri madde ciddi oranda azal\u0131yor, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ileriki hayatta bunama, haf\u0131za problemleri gibi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 da daha olas\u0131 hale geliyor. T\u00fcm bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alkol\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcketilmesinin v\u00fccudumuza geri d\u00f6n\u00fclemez hasarlar verdi\u011fi olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k, peki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktarlar nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7\u0131yor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn uzun d\u00f6nemde insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olumlu etkileri oldu\u011funu ilk \u00f6ne s\u00fcren Norve\u00e7li psikolog Finn Sk\u00e5rderud, hepimizin do\u011fu\u015ftan kan\u0131m\u0131zda y\u00fczde 0,5 alkol eksikli\u011fiyle do\u011fdu\u011fumuza inan\u0131yordu. Sk\u00e5rderud\u2019a g\u00f6re t\u00fcm kapasitemizi kullanabilmek i\u00e7in her g\u00fcn d\u00fczenli miktarlarda alkol t\u00fcketimi gerekliydi. Teori her ne kadar bilimsel verilere dayanmasa da kafalarda bir soru i\u015fareti uyand\u0131rarak bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en dikkat \u00e7ekenlerinden biri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktardaki d\u00fczenli alkol t\u00fcketimini y\u00fcksek bili\u015fsel performansla ili\u015fkilendirebilecek bulgular sunan Zhang ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (2020). Alandaki ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ve farkl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Zhang ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda hem erkek hem kad\u0131n orta ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi bin Amerikan vatanda\u015f\u0131na yer verdi. Bu kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n her birinden iki y\u0131lda bir d\u00fczenli veriler toplayarak alkol\u00fcn uzun d\u00f6nem etkilerin g\u00f6zlemlenebildi\u011fi kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapt\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki senede bir alkol kullan\u0131m durumlar\u0131n\u0131 raporlamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in aranan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n hayat \u015fartlar\u0131, i\u00e7me al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 sorulduktan sonra her birinin bili\u015fsel performanslar\u0131, detaylar\u0131 hat\u0131rlama kapasitesi, mental durum ve kelime hazinesi olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 kategoride test edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta alkol t\u00fcketimi kad\u0131nlarda haftada 8, erkeklerde de 14 kadehten az \u015feklinde tan\u0131mland\u0131ktan sonra kategorilerle bili\u015fsel performans e\u011frisi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar olduk\u00e7a \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131. D\u00fczenli alkol t\u00fcketimi olmayan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktarlarda alkol kullanan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n genel bili\u015fsel performans\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek! Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde bili\u015fsel bozulma e\u011frisinin de daha yava\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlendi. \u00dcstelik alkol\u00fcn bu koruyucu etkisini kelime hazinesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere test edilen \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride de g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, Zhang\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktarlarda al\u0131nan alkol\u00fcn, bili\u015fsel bozulmaya kar\u015f\u0131 bizi koruyabildi\u011fini i\u015faret ediyor!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l? Y\u0131llard\u0131r beyne verdi\u011fi hasarla bilinen, olduk\u00e7a k\u00f6t\u00fc bir itibara sahip alkol\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktarlar\u0131 bili\u015fsel performansa nas\u0131l katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor? Nas\u0131l bir mekanizmayla bu koruyucu etki yarat\u0131l\u0131yor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn beyin \u00fczerindeki uzun d\u00f6nem etkileri hala tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olsa da Zhang\u2019\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilecek birka\u00e7 teoriden bahsedilebilir. \u00d6ncelikle, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktarlarda alkol\u00fcn n\u00f6rotrofik fakt\u00f6r seviyelerini y\u00fckseltici etkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor (Zhang, 2020). N\u00f6rotrofik fakt\u00f6rler sempatik sinir sistemi ve duyu n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunu, geli\u015fimini ve farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenledi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201chayatta kalma fakt\u00f6rleri\u201d diye de adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir protein grubu. Bu proteinler hem merkezi hem \u00e7evresel sinir sistemi n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda elzem olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, h\u00fccrelerin n\u00f6roplastisitesinde rol oynayan, yani beyin h\u00fccreleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n kendini yenileyip geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan kritik bir mekanizmay\u0131 da olu\u015fturuyorlar (Skaper, 2018). Alkol\u00fcn bu mekanizmaya etkisi konusunda hala birtak\u0131m soru i\u015faretleri olsa da az miktarlar\u0131n n\u00f6ronlar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirip bili\u015fsel bozulmalara kar\u015f\u0131 daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hale gelmemizi sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak alkol ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6rotrofik fakt\u00f6rleri bask\u0131layarak beyinde h\u00fccre \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne de yol a\u00e7abiliyor. Bu da uzun d\u00f6nemde bili\u015fsel hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma riskini art\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ba\u015fka teori ise alkol\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dozlar\u0131n\u0131n merkezi sinir sistemindeki at\u0131klar\u0131 temizlemekle g\u00f6revli olan gilfatik sistem sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olumlu etkisi \u00fczerine. Gilfatik sistem, merkezi sinir sistemini (genellikle uykudayken) at\u0131klar ve toksik maddelerden ar\u0131nd\u0131rmakta rol oynayan damar a\u011flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor. Bu ta\u015f\u0131mada \u00f6nemli rol oynayan beyin omurilik s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n alkol etkisiyle daha etkili \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, beyin dokusunda iltihaplanman\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Alzheimer\u2019in nedeni olan Beta proteininin beyinde k\u00fcmelenme ihtimalinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f. Buna ra\u011fmen, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alkol t\u00fcketiminin tam tersi \u015fekilde bir etkisi oldu\u011funu da belirtmek gerekir. Y\u00fcksek dozlarda t\u00fcketen insanlarda omurilik s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131ndaki hareketindeki yava\u015flaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra beyinlerindeki toksin, patojen gibi zararl\u0131 maddelerin temizlenmesinde de problemler g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f (Lundgaard, 2018). K\u0131sacas\u0131, alkol\u00fcn bili\u015fsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za etkisi tamamen t\u00fcketilen miktara ba\u011fl\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, ne miktarda olursa olsun alkol\u00fcn beyin fonksiyonlar\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fini savunan ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve teoriler de var. Bunlardan en kayda de\u011ferlerinden biri olarak Topiwala ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (2018) otuz y\u0131l boyunca neredeyse bin \u0130ngiliz kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131dan toplad\u0131klar\u0131 verilere dayanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. Alkol\u00fcn beyin \u00fczerindeki etkilerini g\u00f6zlemlemek i\u00e7in beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme y\u00f6ntemlerinin (MRI) kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma, t\u00fcketilen alkol miktar\u0131 ve Alzheimer\u2019\u0131n sebeplerinden biri olan hipokampal k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme aras\u0131nda do\u011fru orant\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor; yani ne kadar alkol t\u00fcketilirse bozulma o kadar fazla oluyor. Her ne kadar a\u011f\u0131r i\u00e7iciler bili\u015fsel hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha savunmas\u0131z olsalar da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dozlarda alkol t\u00fcketimi dahi (t\u00fcketmemeye g\u00f6re) hipokampal k\u00f6relme riskini \u00fc\u00e7 kat art\u0131rabiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki bu birbirinin tersi sonu\u00e7lar veren iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan hangisine g\u00fcvenmeliyiz? Sonraki sefer oturdu\u011funuz restoranda bir kadeh \u015farap sipari\u015fi vermeli miyiz? Ya da arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n toku\u015fturdu\u011fu biralara su barda\u011f\u0131m\u0131zla e\u015flik etmeyi mi se\u00e7meliyiz? Bu sorulara net bir cevap vermek olduk\u00e7a zor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere alkol t\u00fcketimi ve bili\u015fsel performans aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyle ilgili sonu\u00e7lar birbirleriyle \u00e7eli\u015febilirken, i\u015fleyen mekanizmalarla ilgili sorular\u0131n da bir\u00e7o\u011fu cevaplanmam\u0131\u015f. Konu hakk\u0131nda kesin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlarda bulunmadan \u00f6nce ke\u015ffetmemiz gereken \u00e7ok \u015fey var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohol\u2019s Effects on the Brain and Cognitive Improvement in Recovery<\/em>, (2015, May\u0131s 1). Butler Center for Research. Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhan, R., Shen, L., Miles, T., Shen, Y., Cordero, J., Qi, Y., Liang, L.& Li, C. (2020). Association of Low to Moderate Alcohol Drinking With Cognitive Functions From Middle to Older Age Among US Adults. JAMA Network Open,<\/em> 3(6). doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7922<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lundgaard, I., Wang, W., Eberhardt, A. et al. (2018). Beneficial effects of low alcohol exposure, but adverse effects of high alcohol intake on glymphatic function. Sci Rep 8, 2246 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-20424-y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skaper, S. D., (2018). Neurotropic factors: an overview. PubMed. Methods in Molecular Biology<\/em>, 1727:1\u201317. doi:10.1007\/978\u20131\u20134939\u20137571\u20136_1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Topiwala, A., Allan C. L., Valkanova V., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Sexton, C., Mahmood A., Fooks, P., Manoux, A., Mackay, C.E., Kivimaki, M., Ebmeier K. (2017). Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and cognitive decline: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ, 357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j2353<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2066,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[875,874,876,83,94,93,879,82,691,64,878,92,66,65,877,471],"kategori":[725],"class_list":["post-2065","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-alcohol","event_publishing_tags-alkol","event_publishing_tags-beslenme","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bozulma","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-decline","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-nutrition","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","kategori-yazi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2065","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2065\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2066"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2065"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2065"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2065"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}