{"id":2017,"date":"2022-03-20T15:00:47","date_gmt":"2022-03-20T15:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&#038;p=2017"},"modified":"2025-09-08T20:00:37","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T20:00:37","slug":"yeni-frenoloji-metaforlar-moduller-ve-beyin-tarama-sozdebilimi-michael-shermer","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/yeni-frenoloji-metaforlar-moduller-ve-beyin-tarama-sozdebilimi-michael-shermer\/","title":{"rendered":"Yeni Frenoloji? Metaforlar, Mod\u00fcller ve Beyin Tarama S\u00f6zdebilimi \u2014 Michael Shermer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/michaelshermer.com\/sciam-columns\/a-new-phrenology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A New Phrenology? Metaphors, modules, and brain-scan pseudoscience<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"1af8\">Atom, bir y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesindeki gezegenler misali \u00e7ekirde\u011fin etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcp duran elektronlar\u0131 ile bir g\u00fcne\u015f sistemi gibidir. Hay\u0131r, asl\u0131nda \u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Ama b\u00f6ylesine g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir \u015feyi zihnimizde canland\u0131rmam\u0131za yarayan bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak bu imge, bir metafor g\u00f6revi g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"c69e\">Bilim metaforlarla iletilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc beyinlerimiz, bilimin ancak son zamanlarda g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi\u011fi sezgilere ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fcnyadan ziyade sezgisel olarak \u00e7ok daha basit bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 idrak edecek \u015fekilde evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin beynin fonksiyonel aktivitesi, bizim i\u00e7in neredeyse atom kadar g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezdir, bu y\u00fczden de metaforlar\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca beyin, hidrolik (su bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131) makinelere (18. y\u00fczy\u0131l), mekanik hesap makinelerine (19. y\u00fczy\u0131l), ve elektronik bilgisayarlara (20. y\u00fczy\u0131l) benzetilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki pop\u00fcler metaforlardan biri de g\u00f6rme, dil, y\u00fcz tan\u0131ma, hile tespit etme, risk alma, maneviyat ve hatta Tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f mod\u00fclleri ile beynin bir \u0130svi\u00e7re \u00e7ak\u0131s\u0131na benzedi\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"5ab8\">Mod\u00fclerlik metaforlar\u0131, fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme (fMRI) ad\u0131 verilen yeni bir beyin tarama teknolojisinden besleniyor. Hepimiz, beynimizin X (para, seks, Tanr\u0131 vesaire) hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken \u201cyanan\u201d b\u00f6lgelerini g\u00f6steren, genelde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ile i\u015faretlenmi\u015f taramalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00fczd\u00fcr. Bu yeni mod\u00fclerlik metaforu \u00f6ylesine ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 ki, dinin (inan\u00e7 mod\u00fclleri), ahlak\u0131n (ahlak mod\u00fclleri), ve ekonominin (para mod\u00fclleri) evrimi \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m birka\u00e7 kitapta kendim de bu metafordan faydaland\u0131m. Bunula birlikte, bu metaforun suistimalini k\u0131s\u0131tlamak \u00fczere \u015f\u00fcpheci bir ak\u0131m da mevcut ve hatta bizzat sinirbilimciler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, New York Times\u2019\u0131n 11 Kas\u0131m 2007 say\u0131s\u0131nda, Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi Los Angeles\u2019tan (UCLA) sinirbilimci Marco Lacoboni ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u201cSiyasette Beyniniz\u201d adl\u0131 bir k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131. Yazarlar, karars\u0131z se\u00e7menlerin beyin tarama sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131lar. \u201cKat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara \u2018Demokrat\u2019, \u2018Cumhuriyet\u00e7i\u2019 ve \u2018ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z\u2019 kelimelerini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimizde, beynin amigdala ad\u0131 verilen b\u00f6lgesinde y\u00fcksek aktivite g\u00f6sterdiler, bu da kayg\u0131ya i\u015faret ediyor.\u201d diye belirtiyor yazarlar. \u201cBeynin kayg\u0131 ve i\u011frenme ile ili\u015fkilendirilen iki b\u00f6lgesi \u2014 amigdala ve insula \u2014 \u00f6zellikle erkek kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u2018Cumhuriyet\u00e7i\u2019 kelimesini g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde aktivite g\u00f6sterdi. Ama bu \u00fc\u00e7 etiketin her biri, ayn\u0131 zamanda beynin \u00f6d\u00fclle ili\u015fkili b\u00f6lgesinde (ventral striatum) ve ayr\u0131ca arzulama ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k hissetme ile ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerinde de aktivite uyand\u0131rd\u0131.\u201d \u00d6yleyse \u201cCumhuriyet\u00e7i\u201d kelimesi kayg\u0131 ve i\u011frenmeye sebep oluyor, ama arzu ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k hislerini tetikledi\u011fi zamanlar hari\u00e7. Geri kalan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131n hepsi de benzer \u015fekilde kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"0192\">Bilimin kendi kendini d\u00fczelten do\u011fas\u0131na yak\u0131\u015fan bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, Lacoboni\u2019nin UCLA\u2019den meslekta\u015f\u0131 Russel Poldrack ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinden 16 di\u011fer sinirbilimci, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Times\u2019da bir yan\u0131t yay\u0131mlad\u0131 ve \u015funlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131: \u201cAyn\u0131 beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekni\u011fini kullanan bili\u015fsel sinirbilimciler olarak biliyoruz ki, basit\u00e7e bir noktadaki beyin aktivitesine bakarak bir insan\u0131n kayg\u0131 veya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k hissetti\u011fini kesin olarak belirlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bunun sebebi beyin b\u00f6lgelerinin tipik olarak bir\u00e7ok zihinsel durum ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir beyin b\u00f6lgesi ile bir zihinsel durum aras\u0131nda birebir e\u015fle\u015ftirme (mapping) yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.\u201d \u00d6rne\u011fin amigdala, uyar\u0131m (arousal) ve pozitif duygular yoluyla da aktifle\u015fir, bu y\u00fczden bu tip taramalar\u0131 yorumlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131, beynin durumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapmaya olanak veren itinal\u0131 deney tasar\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"f288\">FMRI\u2019\u0131n sinirsel aktiviteyi de\u011fil de kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, renklerin kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 fark\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in sonradan eklendi\u011fini ve o g\u00f6rsellerin tek bir ki\u015finin de\u011fil de deneydeki bir\u00e7ok kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n beyninin istatistiksel olarak bir araya getirilmesinden olu\u015ftu\u011funu bilmek, bu \u015f\u00fcpheleri daha da \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131yor. \u201cSinirbilimcilerin baz\u0131 iddialar\u0131 kula\u011fa astroloji gibi geliyor.\u201d dedi Poldrack bana bir r\u00f6portajda. \u201cSorun bilimin kendisi de\u011fil, sorun bilimden birazc\u0131k al\u0131p onun \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine gitmek.\u201d Mesela, nedensel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirme problemi: insanlar\u0131n beyinde bir aktivite g\u00f6rmesi ve sonra buras\u0131 X\u2019in oldu\u011fu yerdir sonucuna varmas\u0131. E\u011fer sizi bir korku durumuna sokarsam, taramada amigdalan\u0131z\u0131n yanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebiliriz, ancak bu amigdala her yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda korkuyor oldu\u011funuz anlam\u0131na gelmez. Beynin her b\u00f6lgesi, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 durumda yanar. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 bize hangi b\u00f6lgenin aktivitesinin ne kadar se\u00e7ici oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyecek bir veriye sahip de\u011filiz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"4801\">Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi, San Diego\u2019dan (UCSD) zihin felsefecisi Patricia S. Churchland bana k\u00fcstah bir \u015f\u00fcphecilikle \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cZihinsel mod\u00fcller tamamen sa\u00e7mal\u0131k. Yaln\u0131zca merkezi bir i\u015flemciye bilgi g\u00f6nderen birbirinden izole mod\u00fcller yok. \u00d6zelle\u015fen b\u00f6lgeler var, evet, ve belki a\u011flar da, ama bunlar her zaman tek bir g\u00f6reve adanm\u0131\u015f de\u011filler.\u201d Zihinsel mod\u00fcl metaforlar\u0131ndansa, gelin sinir a\u011flar\u0131 (neural networks) tabirini kullanal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"f445\">Beyin alakas\u0131z par\u00e7alardan olu\u015fan bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fil elbette, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla psikolojik konseptlerle ili\u015fkili sinir a\u011flar\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak de\u011ferli bir aray\u0131\u015f, tabii frenolojinin ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na yenik d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fimiz s\u00fcrece.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2018,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[83,98,94,93,82,691,64,92,323,87,62,74,1014,88,89,77,1018,1017,76,1016,1015,66,65,300,831,75,299,351,726,1013,1019,471,770,96],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-2017","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-dil","event_publishing_tags-dilbilim","event_publishing_tags-felsefe","event_publishing_tags-frenoloji","event_publishing_tags-language","event_publishing_tags-linguistics","event_publishing_tags-mental","event_publishing_tags-metafor","event_publishing_tags-metaphors","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-modularite","event_publishing_tags-modularity","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norobilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-philnsc","event_publishing_tags-philosophy","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-science","event_publishing_tags-philsci","event_publishing_tags-phrenology","event_publishing_tags-pseudoscience","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2017\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2017"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}