{"id":2007,"date":"2022-01-26T15:00:15","date_gmt":"2022-01-26T15:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=2007"},"modified":"2025-09-08T19:51:34","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T19:51:34","slug":"gorus-olmadan-isitsel-uzam-algisi-patrice-voss","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/gorus-olmadan-isitsel-uzam-algisi-patrice-voss\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Olmadan \u0130\u015fitsel Uzam Alg\u0131s\u0131 \u2014\u00a0Patrice Voss"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0Auditory Spatial Perception without Vision<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patrice Voss,<\/em> McGill \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Bili\u015fsel Sinirbilim Biriminde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Olmadan \u0130\u015fitsel Uzam Alg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rsel deneyimin uzamsal temsilleri olu\u015fturmadaki rol\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcler, g\u00f6rsel yoksunlu\u011fun di\u011fer duyu yetileri \u00fczerindeki etkileri incelenerek elde edilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, uzamsal i\u015fitmenin g\u00f6rsel girdinin yoklu\u011funda nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fi s\u00fcregelen bir tart\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Gayriresmi kan\u0131tlar, tam k\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc istisnai i\u015fitme yetenekleriyle ili\u015fkilendirme e\u011filimindeyken; deneysel kan\u0131tlar da uzamsal i\u015fitme eksikliklerini belgeleyen bulgular\u0131 destekler niteliktedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan artan ya da azalan uzamsal i\u015fitme yetisini destekleyen temel bulgulardan bahsetmek ve \u00f6zellikle spesifik durumlar\u0131 belirlemek ad\u0131na kavramsal bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izmektir. Uzamsal boyutlar (Dikey, yatay ve derinlik alg\u0131s\u0131) ve referans \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri (merkezci ve merkezci olmayan) ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6nceki bulgular incelenecektir. Bulgular, erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan ki\u015filerin yatay d\u00fczlemde daha iyi uzamsal i\u015fitme, yetileri mevcutken dikey d\u00fczlemde ciddi eksiklikler g\u00f6sterdiklerini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u00c7eli\u015fen bu bulgular i\u00e7in olas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00f6rme engeli olan insanlar, merkezci olmayan referanslar\u0131 gerektiren g\u00f6revleri tamamlarken de uzamsal i\u015fitme bozulmalar\u0131 ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerden elde edilen bulgulara g\u00f6re, erken d\u00f6nemde edinilen g\u00f6rme deneyimlerinin hem uzamsal i\u015fitme yetisinin geli\u015fmesinde hem de bu uzamsal i\u015fitme yetisindeki a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda kritik bir role sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rme duyumuz \u00e7evremizin uzamsal konfig\u00fcrasyonu hakk\u0131nda en detayl\u0131 bilgiyi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6rme yetimizin bu bask\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beynin uzamsal bilgiyi do\u011frudan retinadan topografik olarak kodlamas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Di\u011fer duyu yetileri uzamsal bilginin benzerini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, v\u00fccut merkezli duyu yetileri (dokunma, vestib\u00fcler ve derin duyu yetileri), ki\u015finin bedeninin \u00f6tesinde \u00e7evresel bilgiyi g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde veremezler. Ne var ki, bu kural\u0131n da \u00e7e\u015fitli istisnalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u00d6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da oldu\u011fu gibi, g\u00f6rsel bir bilgiyi dokunsal girdiye \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan duyu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 bu istisnalara \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin Bach-y-Rita et al., 1969<\/a>; Chebat et al., 2007<\/a>‘de oldu\u011fu gibi dilde ya da s\u0131rtta \u015fekil bulan, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6rsel bir bilgi). \u0130\u015fitme sistemimiz mekansal olarak uzak olan yerlerle ilgili de uzamsal bilgiler sa\u011flayabilir, t\u0131pk\u0131 g\u00f6rme sistemimiz gibi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u201cyerini belirleme bilgisi\u201d, i\u015fitsel uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na ve yorumlanmas\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. (Middlebrooks ve Green, 1991<\/a>; Schnupp et al., 2010<\/a>). Bu nedenle g\u00f6rme duyusunun, uzamsal bili\u015fin ve alg\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00f6nem arz etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Buna ek olarak g\u00f6rsel girdinin eksikli\u011finde, do\u011fru uzamsal temsillerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda iki kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Rauschecker, 1995<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden ilki, g\u00f6rsel girdi eksikli\u011finin ki\u015finin di\u011fer duyu yetilerinde kavramsal uzamsal eksikliklere neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren hipotezi desteklemektedir (Axelrod, 1959<\/a>; Jones, 1975<\/a>). Bu hipotez, yap\u0131lan hayvan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile i\u015fitsel uzamsal \u00f6\u011frenmede ve y\u00fcksek tepecikteki [1] akustik uzamsal haritalar\u0131n geli\u015fiminde g\u00f6rsel geribildiriminin \u00f6nemini desteklemektedir. (Knudsen, 1985<\/a>; King et al., 1988<\/a>; Withington-Wray et al., 1990<\/a>; Knudsen et al., 1991<\/a>; Heffner ve Heffner, 1992<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tam tersi y\u00f6nde olan ikinci bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00f6r bireylerin, g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131nda di\u011fer duyu yetilerinin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc alg\u0131sal yetenekler geli\u015ftirerek g\u00f6rme duyusunun eksikli\u011finin telafi ettiklerini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer (Rice, 1970<\/a>; Miller, 1992<\/a>). Bu hipotezi destekleyen gayr\u0131resmi kan\u0131tlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Denis Diedrot\u2019un Letter sur les Aveugles<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda (1749) ve William James\u2019in 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cThe Principles of Psychology\u201d isimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bu soruya cevap vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r (James, 1890). Yine hayvanlar ve insanlarla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f deneysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bulgular\u0131 da (Rauschecker ve Korte, 1993<\/a>; King ve Parsons, 1999<\/a>) uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00f6rsel yoksunlu\u011fun, ses lokalizasyon yetene\u011finde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geli\u015fmelere vesile oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur (Niemeyer ve Starlinger, 1981<\/a>; Muchnik et al., 1991<\/a>). Birbirini izleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin i\u015fitsel uzamsal \u00fcst\u00fcn yeteneklere sahip oldu\u011funu ve di\u011fer duyularda da y\u00fcksek beceriler geli\u015ftirebildiklerini ortaya koyarak telafi etme hipotezini<\/em> desteklemi\u015ftir (Lessard et al., 1998<\/a>; R\u00f6der et al., 1999<\/a>; Leclerc et al., 2000<\/a>; ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z Voss et al., 2010<\/a>). Bu hipotez, geli\u015fmi\u015f uzamsal i\u015fitme yeteneklerinin duyular aras\u0131 \u00e7apraz plastisite <\/em>[2]taraf\u0131ndan da desteklendi\u011fini ortaya koyan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n artmas\u0131yla ilgi \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 (de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in Collignon et al., 2009<\/a>; Voss ve Zatorre, 2012<\/a>). Uzamsal i\u015fitme g\u00f6revlerinin do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin g\u00f6rsel korteksinde g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek bir etkinlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Weeks et al., 2000<\/a>; Gougoux et al., 2005<\/a>; Renier et al., 2010<\/a>; Collignon et al., 2011<\/a>). Ayr\u0131ca lokalizasyon yeteneklerinin de g\u00f6rsel korteksteki etkinle\u015fmenin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ili\u015fkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r (Gougoux et al., 2005<\/a>; Voss et al., 2008<\/a>, 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fitsel bir girdinin nas\u0131l olup da g\u00f6rsel kortekste i\u015flendi\u011fi hala net de\u011fil. Ancak, artan hayvan izleyicileri ve n\u00f6rog\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, i\u015fitsel ve g\u00f6rsel korteksler aras\u0131ndaki \u201ckortikokortikal\u201d [3] sinir yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7apraz duyusal i\u015fleme [4] ile ilgili olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Telafi hipotezini destekleyen bulgulara ra\u011fmen, geli\u015fmi\u015f uzamsal i\u015fitme yeteneklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 spesifik ko\u015fullara yak\u0131ndan bak\u0131nca konu ile ilgili a\u00e7\u0131k bir izlenim elde edebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzay\u0131n Boyutlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Uzamsal \u00e7evremiz birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z boyutlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. Uzamsal i\u015fitmede bu boyutlar basit\u00e7e yatay, dikey ve derinlik d\u00fczlemlerine ayr\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan boyut -objelerin i\u015fitsel lokalizasyonu ve y\u00f6n bulma yetenekleriyle olan ilgisinden olsa gerek- yatay d\u00fczlemdir. Yatay d\u00fczlemde, k\u00f6r bireylerin \u00f6n yar\u0131 alanda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerle benzer i\u015fitme becerilerine sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir (\u00f6r: g\u00f6rsel alanla hemen hemen \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen b\u00f6lge). Tam tersine, g\u00f6rme engellilerin \u00f6zellikle interaural [5] eksenin iki yan\u0131ndaki ses kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7evrel [6] i\u015fitme becerisinde daha do\u011fru konumland\u0131rma yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya konmu\u015ftur (R\u00f6der et al., 1999<\/a>; Voss et al., 2004<\/a>; Despr\u00e8s et al., 2005<\/a>). Leessard ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, tek kanall\u0131 dinleme ko\u015fullar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin bir kulak t\u0131kal\u0131) alt\u0131nda do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00f6rme engeline sahip ki\u015filer ve g\u00f6rme engeli olmayan ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda sesleri konumland\u0131rma becerisindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemek ad\u0131na ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (1998). G\u00f6rme engeli olan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, g\u00f6rme engeli olmayan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan anlaml\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde t\u0131kal\u0131 olan kula\u011fa gelen sesleri konumland\u0131rmada daha iyilerdir (Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: Gougoux et al., 2005<\/a>). Tek tarafl\u0131 bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, \u00e7evrel i\u015fitme bo\u015flu\u011funda konumland\u0131rma becerisiyle birle\u015ftirildi\u011finde erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeline sahip bireylerin belirli bir konumland\u0131rma ipucu dizisini daha iyi kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na daha duyarl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn konumland\u0131rma yeteneklerinin temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Doucet et al. (2005)<\/a> ve Voss et al. (2011)<\/a>. Uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131, gelen sesin d\u0131\u015f kulak taraf\u0131ndan konuma \u00f6zg\u00fc filtrelenmesinden kaynaklan\u0131r. (Shaw, 1966<\/a>). Olu\u015fturulan uzamsal profil, kulak kep\u00e7esi taraf\u0131ndan gelen ses dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Bunu takiben; g\u00f6rme engeli olan ki\u015filerin engeli olmayanlara k\u0131yasla \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 ses konumland\u0131rma ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na daha hassas olduklar\u0131 da g\u00f6sterilse de bunun gibi ipu\u00e7lar\u0131, tek tarafl\u0131 dinleme ko\u015fullar\u0131nda mevcut de\u011fildir ve, \u00e7evrel i\u015fitsel uzayda g\u00fcvenilir olmayabilir (Nilsson ve Schenkman, 2016<\/a>, Jin et al., 1999<\/a>)., Bu durum, g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin yatay d\u00fczlemde sahip olduklar\u0131 uzamsal i\u015fitme becerilerinin \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 konumland\u0131rma ipu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzamsal ipucu hipotezine dikey d\u00fczlemdeki uzamsal i\u015fitme bulgular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan adeta meydan okunmu\u015ftu. Dikey d\u00fczlemdeki konumland\u0131rma becerisi her ne kadar uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayansa da (Middlebrooks ve Green, 1991<\/a>; Blauert, 1997<\/a>) erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin, dikey orta-sagital [7] d\u00fczlemdeki ses hedeflerini bulmakta sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerden ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduklar\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Voss ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2015)<\/a>, erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin hem yatay hem de dikey d\u00fczlemdeki ses konumland\u0131rma becerilerini k\u0131yaslayarak bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi \u00e7\u00f6zmek istemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak yatay d\u00fczlemdeki konumland\u0131rma becerilerinde daha iyi oldu\u011fu ve ayn\u0131 grubun dikey d\u00fczlemde konumland\u0131rma eksikliklerine sahip oldu\u011funa dair destekleyici bulgulara sahip. Yeni bir bulgu; g\u00f6rme engellilerde iki d\u00fczlem i\u00e7in performans\u0131n ters orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu, yani yatay d\u00fczlemde konumland\u0131rmada en iyi performans\u0131 sergileyen ki\u015filerin dikey d\u00fczlemde ciddi hatalar yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrse de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerde bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fki saptanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bulgu, g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin uzamsal i\u015fitmelerindeki alg\u0131sal geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmakla birlikte iki d\u00fczlem aras\u0131ndaki konumland\u0131rma becerisinde bir takas olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Yatay d\u00fczlemde konumland\u0131rma i\u00e7in tek tarafl\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 demek onlar\u0131 dikey d\u00fczlemde kullanma pahas\u0131na \u00f6\u011frenmek demektir. Belirsiz kalan noktaysa bu beceri takas\u0131n\u0131n neden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7evresel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, yatay d\u00fczlemdeki geli\u015fmeler en \u00e7ok y\u00f6n bulma g\u00f6revlerinde g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir ve bu da yatay d\u00fczlemin y\u00f6n kavramlar\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkisine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Altta yatan mekanizmalar i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan biri her d\u00fczlemin, uzamsal bilginin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitlerini kullan\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, dikey d\u00fczlemdeki konumland\u0131rman\u0131n uzamsal \u00e7entik ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerken yatay d\u00fczlemdeki konumland\u0131rman\u0131n, \u00f6rt\u00fck spektral \u00f6zelliklerin tahliline ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Hebrank ve Wright, 1974<\/a>; Bloom, 1977<\/a>; Butler ve Belendiuk, 1977<\/a>). Kaynak y\u00fckselmesini tahmin etmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir olan bir ipucu, bir spektrum \u00e7enti\u011finin merkezi frekans\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu merkezi frekanstaki 5’ten 14 kHz\u2019ye kadar olan sistematik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n, kaynak y\u00fckselmesindeki art\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (Hebrank ve Wright, 1974<\/a>; Bloom, 1977<\/a>; Butler ve Belendiuk, 1977<\/a>). Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, yatay d\u00fczlemdeki \u00f6rt\u00fck tepe analizi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla farkl\u0131 konumlarda kaynaklar\u0131n spektral \u00f6zelliklerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fcvenilir uzamsal ipucu oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Musicant ve Butler, 1984<\/a>; Rogers ve Butler, 1992<\/a>). Ayr\u0131ca bu ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evrel i\u015fitme alan\u0131ndaki ses kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle yararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (Musicant ve Butler, 1984<\/a>; Humanski ve Butler, 1988<\/a>). Bu y\u00fczden, g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin yatay d\u00fczlemdeki kaynaklar\u0131 konumland\u0131r\u0131rken uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, g\u00f6ren bireylerin dikey konumland\u0131rma i\u00e7in uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na daha fazla dikkat etmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fitsel derinlik alg\u0131s\u0131, konumland\u0131rma kadar \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmasa da yeni trendler olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 (de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in Kolarik et al., 2016<\/a>). Derinli\u011fi alg\u0131lama yetimiz bizi i\u015fitsel kaynaklardan ay\u0131ran mesafeyi tahmin etmek i\u00e7in esast\u0131r. Erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin g\u00f6receli derinlik alg\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131larda bulunurken, muhtemelen kademeli i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n [8]ve direkt-yans\u0131ma [9] oran\u0131na ili\u015fkin i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren bireylerden daha iyi olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir (Kolarik et al., 2013a<\/a>). Tam tersine, g\u00f6rme engellilerin mutlak mesafe yarg\u0131lar\u0131nda [10] bulunurken daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir performans g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi de \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Wanet ve Veraart, 1985<\/a>; Kolarik et al., 2013b<\/a>). Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n neden meydana geldi\u011fi hala net de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerde, mutlak derinli\u011fi i\u015fitsel ba\u011flamda konumland\u0131rma yetene\u011fi g\u00f6rsel olarak konumland\u0131rma yetene\u011finden \u00e7ok daha zay\u0131ft\u0131r (Loomis et al., 1998<\/a>). Buna ek olarak, g\u00f6rsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fitsel derinli\u011fin tahmininde iyile\u015ftirici bir role sahip oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir (Anderson ve Zahorik, 2014<\/a>). G\u00f6rme eksikli\u011finde, i\u015fitsel uzamsal temsillerin g\u00f6rsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ayarlanmamas\u0131 mutlak derinli\u011fin belirlenmesini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya sokabilir. G\u00f6receli derinlik yarg\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunma yetene\u011fi, \u00f6ncelikle az \u00f6nce bahsedilen i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu y\u00fczden g\u00f6rsel geri bildirim eksikli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc zay\u0131flamaz. Bu nedenle de i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyerek \u00fcretilen uzamsal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar, i\u015fitsel uzamsal haritalara g\u00f6re g\u00f6rme kayb\u0131ndan daha az etkilenir. Yap\u0131lan sesle yer belirleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, geli\u015fen i\u015fitsel uzamsal haritalar\u0131n g\u00f6rsel girdiye ihtiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 desteklenmi\u015ftir. (Kolarik et al., 2014). G\u00f6rme engeli olan ki\u015filer, genellikle yabanc\u0131 olduklar\u0131 bir \u00e7evredeyken pasif bir dinleyici olarak ya da aktif olarak yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 sesler \u00fcreterek (kam\u0131\u015fla hafif\u00e7e vurmak ya da t\u0131k\u0131rt\u0131 sesleri \u00e7\u0131karmak gibi) i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin \u00fcretilmemi\u015f yans\u0131ma ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na daha duyarl\u0131 olmakla birlikte, \u00e7evredeki nesneleri konumland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kendi \u00fcrettikleri sesleri kullanma yetenekleri geli\u015ftirdiklerini de g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Rice et al., 1965<\/a>; Schenkman ve Nilsson, 2010<\/a>, 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referans \u00c7er\u00e7eveleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rmenin uzamsal i\u015fitmede oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fc inceleyebilece\u011fimiz ba\u015fka bir alternatif bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, uzamsal i\u015fitme g\u00f6revinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in uygun ve gerekli olan referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesini incelemektir. Uzamsal bili\u015f literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde referans \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri, uzaydaki varl\u0131klar\u0131n konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En bask\u0131n iki referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesi merkezci olmayan [11] ve merkezci [12] referans \u00e7er\u00e7eveleridir (de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in Kosslyn,1987<\/a>; Paillard, 1991<\/a>; Klatzky, 1998<\/a>). Merkezci \u00e7er\u00e7eve v\u00fccudu ya da v\u00fccudun par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 mekan\u0131n merkezi olarak kullan\u0131rken, merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eve var olan di\u011fer objeleri ve mekan\u0131n kendisini merkeze al\u0131r. Uzamsal bili\u015f literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn destekledi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli raporlar, g\u00f6rme eksikli\u011finde bireylerin uzamsal g\u00f6revlerde temel olarak merkezci \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Millar, 1994<\/a>; Cattaneo et al., 2008<\/a>; Coluccia et al., 2009<\/a>; Corazzini et al., 2010<\/a>; Pasqualotto ve Proulx, 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gori ve arkada\u015flar\u0131<\/a>, g\u00f6rme engellilerde merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eve eksikli\u011finin uzamsal i\u015fitmeyle ilgili oldu\u011funa dair kan\u0131tlar\u0131 sunan ilk ki\u015filerdendi (2014). Erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin yatay d\u00fczlemde i\u015fitsel uzamsal ikiye b\u00f6lme g\u00f6revini tamamlarken ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan, daha \u00f6nce sunulan iki ses kayna\u011f\u0131na ek olarak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer kaynaklara yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzamsal konumunu belirlemeleri istenmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6rev merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesine ba\u011fl\u0131 uzamsal bir yarg\u0131lama gerektirmektedir. Bunun aksine, daha geleneksel ses konumland\u0131rma g\u00f6revlerinin merkezci \u00e7er\u00e7eve kullanarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bunun sebebi, merkezci \u00e7er\u00e7eve kullan\u0131m\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kendi bedenlerinin uzamdaki yeri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir ba\u015fvuru noktas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Merkezci olmayan uzamsal i\u015fitme bozulmas\u0131, hem g\u00f6rme engelli yeti\u015fkinlerde hem de g\u00f6rme engelli \u00e7ocuklarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla do\u011fruland\u0131 ve erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin uzamsal g\u00f6revleri yerine getirirken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 referans \u00e7er\u00e7evelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ikili uzamsal i\u015fitme becerilerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya koyuldu (Vercillo et al., 2015<\/a>, 2016<\/a>). \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde Vercillo ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin sesle yer belirleme becerilerinin uzamsal ikili g\u00f6revlerde bozulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Sesle yer belirleme becerisinin ilerlemesi, i\u015fitsel uzamsal temsillerin veya merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin geli\u015fimini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. (2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzamsal Bili\u015f \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan Yap\u0131lan \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engelinde merkezci olmayan a\u00e7\u0131kla ilgili destekleyici nitelikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar mevcuttur. \u00d6zellikle g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin y\u00f6n bulma yeteneklerini ele alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar tutarl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara sahiptir (Thinus-Blanc ve Gaunet, 1997<\/a>). G\u00f6rme engeli bulunmayan bireyler i\u00e7in bu durum hem merkezci hem de merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7evelerine dayanmaktad\u0131r (Millar, 1994<\/a>; Klatzky, 1998<\/a>; Shelton ve McNamara, 2001<\/a>). Toplumun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n merkezci, kalan yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Iaria et al., 2003<\/a>). Erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan ki\u015filerin merkezci \u00e7er\u00e7eveler kullanmay\u0131 gerektiren g\u00f6revleri yaparken sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireyler kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ancak merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri kullanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011finde genelde zorland\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya konmu\u015ftur (Thinus-Blanc ve Gaunet, 1997<\/a>; Schmidt et al., 2013<\/a>). Genel anlamda, uzamsal i\u015fitme g\u00f6revlerinde g\u00f6zlemlenen merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eve eksikli\u011finin, uzamsal bili\u015f literat\u00fcr\u00fcyle uyumlu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Yine de, uzamsal i\u015fitmeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerdeki merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eve eksikli\u011fi hususunda yap\u0131lan son incelemelerin \u015f\u00fcphe uyand\u0131ran yeni bir tart\u0131\u015fma do\u011furdu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmal\u0131y\u0131z (Schinazi et al., 2016<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erken D\u00f6nemde G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Becerisi olan G\u00f6rme Engelli Bireylerin Durumlar\u0131ndan Yap\u0131lan \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sonradan olu\u015fan g\u00f6rme engelinin etkilerini inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, g\u00f6rme eksikli\u011finde uzamsal i\u015fitmenin geli\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011flayabilir. Sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin uzamsal i\u015fitmeleri, geli\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda sahip olunan g\u00f6rsel kalibrasyon ve yeti\u015fkinlik d\u00f6nemindeki uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00f6rme engelinin kombinasyonu ile \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bulgular sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin uzamsal i\u015fitme yeteneklerinin do\u011fu\u015ftan g\u00f6rme engeli olan ve hi\u00e7 g\u00f6rme engeli olmayan bireyler aras\u0131nda bir yerde oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (bkz. Voss, 2013<\/a>). Erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olanlar\u0131n aksine sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin geli\u015fmi\u015f uzamsal i\u015fitme becerisine sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan kan\u0131tlar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, yatay d\u00fczlemde konumland\u0131rma yeteneklerinin de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan elde edilen bulgular, sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin uzamsal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evrel bo\u015flukta daha iyi kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir (Voss et al., 2004<\/a>; Fieger et al., 2006<\/a>). Bununla birlikte, sonradan olu\u015fan g\u00f6rme engelinde tek tarafl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f konumland\u0131rma yetenekleri i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 bir kan\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fmu\u015f bireylerin \u00e7evrel bo\u015flukta konumland\u0131rma becerilerinin farkl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. (Voss et al., 2008<\/a>, 2011<\/a>). Genel olarak, sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin uzamsal i\u015fitme yeteneklerinden erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olanlar kadar yararlanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak herhangi bir alg\u0131sal eksiklik de g\u00f6stermedikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Finocchietti et al., 2015<\/a>). Sonradan olu\u015fmu\u015f g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin sesleri dikey d\u00fczlemde nas\u0131l konumland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ve ikili uzamsal g\u00f6revlerdeki performanslar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu topluluktaki uzamsal i\u015fitme yeteneklerinin daha eksiksiz bir resmini sa\u011flayabilir. Pasqualotto ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin uzamsal g\u00f6revleri yaparken merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u015fvururken, erken d\u00f6nem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylerin merkezci bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (2013). Uzamsal g\u00f6revleri tamamlamak i\u00e7in merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7evelerini kullanmadaki eksikliklere sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerde rastlamayabiliriz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu bireyler uzamsal bilgiyi i\u015fitsel kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kodlarken ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nceki g\u00f6rsel deneyimle elde edilen ayarlamadan faydalanabilirler. (Ruggiero et al., 2009<\/a>; Iachini et al., 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 ve Gelece\u011fe Y\u00f6nelik \u00d6neriler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzamsal i\u015fitme ve g\u00f6rme aras\u0131nda kompleks bir ili\u015fki bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk teoriler, g\u00f6rme engellilerin g\u00f6rsel kayb\u0131 telafi etmek i\u00e7in ya \u00fcst\u00fcn d\u00fczeyde uzamsal i\u015fitme yetenekleri geli\u015ftireceklerini ya da tam tersine g\u00f6rsel sistemdeki kalibrasyon eksikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uzamsal i\u015fitme eksiklikleri ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fcncel bulgular her iki durumu da do\u011frular nitelikte. G\u00f6rme engelli bireyler yatay d\u00fczlemde ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini belirlerken en az sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlar kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131lard\u0131r. Ancak, dikey d\u00fczlemde ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini belirlemekte veya i\u015fitsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tam mesafesini belirlemekte baz\u0131 kusurlar g\u00f6sterirler. Asl\u0131nda yap\u0131lan son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, erken d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan ki\u015filerde yatay ve dikey d\u00fczlem (bir d\u00fczlemde daha do\u011fru konumland\u0131rma yapan birey, di\u011fer d\u00fczlemde o denli ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayacakt\u0131r) konumland\u0131rma yetkinlikleri aras\u0131nda bir takas oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Voss et al., 2015<\/a>). Bu takas\u0131n neden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsiz olsa da bir sebep yatay d\u00fczlemdeki kesinli\u011fin getirdi\u011fi \u00e7evresel kazan\u0131mlar olabilir. Uzamsal i\u015fitme g\u00f6revleri merkezci referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi\u011finde erken d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan ki\u015filer \u00fcst\u00fcn alg\u0131sal yetenekler sergilerler. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, merkezci olmayan referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesi kullan\u0131m\u0131nda (ikili g\u00f6revdeki gibi) ciddi eksiklikler g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerden edinilen bulgular erken d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rsel girdinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131; uzamsal i\u015fitme eksikliklerini engelleyebilirken bir yandan da olas\u0131 alg\u0131sal geli\u015fimi s\u0131n\u0131rlar niteliktedir. Uzamsal i\u015fitmenin sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fmu\u015f ki\u015filerdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya devam etmektedir. \u00d6zellikle, dikey d\u00fczlemde sesleri konumland\u0131rmalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ve ikili i\u015fitme g\u00f6revindeki performanslar\u0131yla ilgili veri eksikli\u011fi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yine de mevcut kan\u0131tlara dayanarak tahminler yap\u0131labilir. Mesela, sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerin tek tarafl\u0131 konumland\u0131rmada daha iyi bir performans sergilemedi\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yatay ve dikey d\u00fczlemler aras\u0131 konumland\u0131rma becerilerinde bir de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmeyecektir. (Voss et al., 2006<\/a>, 2008<\/a>, 2011<\/a>). Benzer \u015fekilde, sonradan g\u00f6rme engelindeki merkezci olmayan \u00e7er\u00e7eve eksikliklerini destekleyen bulgular mevcut de\u011fildir. Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fmu\u015f bireylerin i\u015fitsel uzamsal ikili g\u00f6revleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken eksiklik sorun ya\u015fam\u0131yor olmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. (Pasqualotto ve Proulx, 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son y\u0131llardaki bulgulara ra\u011fmen, erken d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6rme engelinin tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f alg\u0131sal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek hayatta ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi belirsizli\u011fini koruyor. Bulgular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ge\u00e7erlili\u011fe sahip deneysel ko\u015fullarda g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Tamamen g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin ger\u00e7ek hayattaki becerilerini tespit etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7evresel olarak daha do\u011fru ve i\u015fe yarar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri de\u011ferlendirmemiz gerekmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bo\u015flukta dinamik sesleri takip etme yetene\u011fi ve g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc ortamlardaki konumland\u0131rma becerileri ke\u015ffedilmeye de\u011fer unsurlard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar (Lewald, 2013<\/a>; Finocchietti et al., 2015<\/a>), ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa bile eldeki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 veri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r ve g\u00fcvenilir sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fman\u0131n zorlu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7o\u011fu uzamsal i\u015fitme deneyi laboratuvar ko\u015fullar\u0131nda veya yank\u0131s\u0131z ortamlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Daha \u00f6nce de de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi g\u00f6rme engelli insanlar yank\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha duyarl\u0131d\u0131r (Dufour et al., 2005<\/a>) ve bu durum yank\u0131l\u0131 bir ortamda uzamsal i\u015fitme becerilerinin, yank\u0131s\u0131z bir ortamdakine g\u00f6re daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelebilir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00f6rme engelli bireylerin, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcden konu\u015fma bilgilerini daha iyi ay\u0131rt edebildikleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken (Rokem ve Ahissar, 2009<\/a>), arka plan g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fundaki konumland\u0131rma becerileri tam anlam\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6ren kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zlerinin ba\u011flanmas\u0131 hem g\u00f6rme engeli olan bireylere k\u0131yasla onlar\u0131 dezavantajl\u0131 duruma sokabilir hem de iki grup aras\u0131ndaki performans fark\u0131n\u0131 yapay anlamda \u015fi\u015firebilir. Tabry ve arkada\u015flar\u0131<\/a> g\u00f6zleri ba\u011flaman\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerde konumland\u0131rma do\u011frulu\u011funu azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler ve bu bulgu \u00f6zellikle yatay d\u00fczlem i\u00e7in konumland\u0131rma gerekti\u011finde do\u011fruydu. Bu nedenle deneysel prosed\u00fcrler olu\u015fturulurken \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n sonu\u00e7larda etkili olmamas\u0131 ad\u0131na uzamsal boyutlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, g\u00f6rme engeli bulunmayan bireylerde k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli g\u00f6rsel yoksunlu\u011fun (birka\u00e7 saat kadar k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre) i\u015fitsel konumland\u0131rmay\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilece\u011fi bulgusu (Lewald, 2007<\/a>), sonradan g\u00f6rme engeli olu\u015fan bireylerde belgelenmi\u015f geli\u015fmelerin olmamas\u0131 ile \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir (Voss, 2013<\/a>). Ge\u00e7ici g\u00f6rsel yoksunlu\u011fun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzamsal duyma yarar\u0131; di\u011fer duyu becerilerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran verilerle (Facchini ve Aglioti, 2003<\/a>; Landry et al., 2013<\/a>; Pag\u00e9 et al., 2016<\/a>) tutarl\u0131 olsa da Lewald\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, uzamsal duymay\u0131 inceleyen mevcut tek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. G\u00f6rme kayb\u0131n\u0131n, uzamsal i\u015fitme yetene\u011finin artmas\u0131ndaki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nda yatan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin asl\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesi ve ge\u00e7ici duyusal yoksunlu\u011fun etkilerinin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

[1] Superior colliculus. (E.N.)
[2]Crossmodal plasticity. (E.N.)
[3]Corticocortical pathways: Bir korteksi di\u011ferine ba\u011flayan iletim yollar\u0131. (E.N.)
[4] Crossmodal processing. (E.N.)
[5] Kulaklararas\u0131. (E.N.)
[6] Peripheral: \u00c7evrel. (E.N.)
[7] Mid-sagittal plane: Cismin tepesinden dibine do\u011fru ilerleyen ve cismi sol ve sa\u011f olmak \u00fczere tam iki par\u00e7aya ay\u0131ran d\u00fczlemdir. (E.N.)
[8] Level auditory cues. (E.N.)
[8] Direct-to-reverberant ratio. (E.N.)
[10] Mutlak mesafe yarg\u0131s\u0131: G\u00f6zlemciyi kaynaktan ay\u0131ran mesafeyi belirleme i\u015flemi. (E.N.)
[11] Allocentric. (E.N.)
[12] Egocentric. (E.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

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Zwiers, M. P., Van Opstal, A. J., and Cruysberg, J. R. M. (2001). A spatial hearing deficit in early blind individuals. J. Neurosci. 21, RC142.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":2008,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[245,993,94,93,234,691,64,233,92,996,995,994,991,77,76,244,990,992,96,184],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-2007","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-algi","event_publishing_tags-auditory","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-duyma","event_publishing_tags-hearing","event_publishing_tags-isitsel","event_publishing_tags-mekan","event_publishing_tags-mental","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-perception","event_publishing_tags-space","event_publishing_tags-uzam","event_publishing_tags-zihin","event_publishing_tags-zihinsel","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2007","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/2007\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=2007"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=2007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}