{"id":1873,"date":"2021-02-11T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-11T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1873"},"modified":"2025-08-18T17:00:48","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T17:00:48","slug":"otlaklarda-yilan-gormek-primatlarin-evrimlesmesine-nasil-yardimci-oldu-lynne-a-isbell","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/otlaklarda-yilan-gormek-primatlarin-evrimlesmesine-nasil-yardimci-oldu-lynne-a-isbell\/","title":{"rendered":"Otlaklarda Y\u0131lan G\u00f6rmek Primatlar\u0131n Evrimle\u015fmesine Nas\u0131l Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Oldu? \u2014 Lynne A. Isbell"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131: \u201cHow seeing snakes in the grass helped primates to evolve<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lynne A. Isbell, California Davis \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde antropoloji profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. The Fruit, the Tree and the Serpent: Why We See So Well (2009) kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Primat davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ekoloji ile ilgilenmektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evrim, primat g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini ve geli\u015fmesini desteklemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin di\u011fer memelilere k\u0131yasla, primatlar geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rsel alanlara sahip \u00f6ne bakan g\u00f6zlerle daha iyi bir derinlik alg\u0131s\u0131na, daha etkili bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinli\u011fine ve beyinde g\u00f6rme duyusuyla ilgili daha fazla alana ve baz\u0131 primatlar ise ek olarak, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 tonlar\u0131 ye\u015fil tonlardan ay\u0131rt etmeye olanak tan\u0131yan trikromatik (trichromatic) renk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahiptir. Asl\u0131nda, primatlar\u0131 di\u011fer memelilerden ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli nokta, \u00e7evreyle etkile\u015fimlerinde ana duyusal aray\u00fcz (interface) olarak g\u00f6rme duyusuna duyduklar\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u00fcvendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lan bir penceredir. Bu pencerenin nitelikleri, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ve hem hayvan v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n hem de i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin imkanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. Uzun ve ortak evrimsel ge\u00e7mi\u015flerine ra\u011fmen, memelilerin hepsi d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmezler, zira farkl\u0131 se\u00e7ici bask\u0131lara sahip \u00e7e\u015fitli ni\u015flerde ya\u015farlar. Peki, bizim soyumuz olan primatlar\u0131n, di\u011fer memelilerden daha geni\u015f ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6rsel sistemlere sahip olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bu se\u00e7ici bask\u0131lar nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu soruyu ve daha da fazlas\u0131n\u0131 cevaplayabilecek yeni bir fikir ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcm: \u2018\u2018y\u0131lan tespit teorisi\u2019\u2019. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce geni\u015f a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131 ve av\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak \u00f6ld\u00fcren y\u0131lanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve memelileri yemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu y\u0131lanlar\u0131n y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, bir t\u00fcr av\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin evrimini destekledi\u011fi, yani soyun primatlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc varsay\u0131m\u0131nda bulundum. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, onlar \u00e7ok yakla\u015fmadan hareketsiz y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 y\u0131lanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rme yetene\u011fi, sahip olunmas\u0131 ve gelecek nesillere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a faydal\u0131 olan bir \u00f6zellik haline geldi. Daha sonra ise, yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Afrika veya Asya\u2019da zehirli y\u0131lanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bu da primatlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde, y\u0131lanlar\u0131 tespit edip onlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla bask\u0131 kurdu. Bu bask\u0131n\u0131n, primatlar\u0131n g\u00f6rsel sistemlerine de yans\u0131malar\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primatlar\u0131n g\u00f6rme sistemlerindeki karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k derecesi ile zehirli y\u0131lanlarla ge\u00e7irdikleri evrimsel s\u00fcrecin uzunlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011fda\u015fma vard\u0131r. Bir u\u00e7ta, m\u00fckemmel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle trikromatik renk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm primatlar aras\u0131nda en iyi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olan, Eski D\u00fcnya[1] maymunlar\u0131, kuyruksuz maymunlar ve insanlardan olu\u015fan soy yer al\u0131r. Zehirli y\u0131lanlarla a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda ve ayn\u0131 yerde evrimle\u015fen bu primatlar, onlarla s\u00fcrekli bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca y\u0131lanlara kar\u015f\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ihtiyatl\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spektrumun di\u011fer ucunda ise, en basit g\u00f6rsel sistemlere sahip olan Malga\u015f[2] (Malagasy) primatlar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Di\u011fer \u015feylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Malga\u015f primatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinli\u011fine sahiptirler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6zlerimizi odaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her yerde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinli\u011fimizden sorumlu olan ve retinada bir girintide yer alan fovea bu canl\u0131larda zay\u0131f bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir (tabii mevcutsa). \u00d6te yandan, Madagaskar adas\u0131, av\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak \u00f6ld\u00fcren y\u0131lanlara sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen zehirli y\u0131lanlara sahip de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle bu adadaki primatlar hi\u00e7bir zaman bu spesifik se\u00e7ilim bask\u0131s\u0131 ile y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca davran\u0131\u015fsal kan\u0131tlar da bu primatlar\u0131n hepsinin y\u0131lanlara kar\u015f\u0131 korku tepkisi vermedi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u0131lanlar\u0131n veya y\u0131lan modellerinin \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilir ve onlara s\u0131radan bir dalm\u0131\u015f gibi muamele edebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni D\u00fcnya[3] maymunlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rsel sistemleri ise spektrumun en ortas\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Malga\u015f primatlar\u0131ndan daha iyi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinli\u011fine, ancak g\u00f6rme sistemlerinde Eski D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131ndan daha fazla de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fe sahiptirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Yeni D\u00fcnya uluyan maymunlar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi trikromatiktir, ancak di\u011fer Yeni D\u00fcnya primat t\u00fcrlerinde sadece baz\u0131 bireyler k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131y\u0131 ye\u015fil tonlardan ay\u0131rt edebilmektedir. \u00d6te yandan, Yeni D\u00fcnya primatlar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Eski D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kuyruksuz maymunlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren Afrika\u2019daki antropoid[4] primat soyunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenle yakla\u015f\u0131k 20\u201325 milyon y\u0131l boyunca zehirli y\u0131lanlarla u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ancak daha sonra, yakla\u015f\u0131k 36 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika\u2019y\u0131 terk ederek a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 15 milyon y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar zehirli y\u0131lanlar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131lar. O zamana kadar Yeni D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 cinslere \u00e7e\u015fitlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve devam\u0131nda her cins, zehirli y\u0131lanlar\u0131n tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sorununa ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler geli\u015ftirdi. Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla, Yeni D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rsel sistemlerindeki bu \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 bulunmuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131lan tespit teorisini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmden beri, birka\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar ve y\u0131lan deneyimi olmayan bebekler de dahil olmak \u00fczere insan ve insan olmayan primatlar\u0131n; kertenkeleler, \u00f6r\u00fcmcekler, solucanlar, ku\u015flar ve \u00e7i\u00e7ekler gibi di\u011fer canl\u0131 nesnelere k\u0131yasla y\u0131lanlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rsel bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Psikologlar, \u00f6zellikle y\u0131lanlar\u0131n tipik olarak bulundu\u011fu ortam t\u00fcrlerine benzeyen karma\u015f\u0131k veya belirsiz ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, y\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini di\u011fer nesnelerden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 veya daha isabetli ay\u0131rt etti\u011fimizi ke\u015ffettiler. Y\u0131lanlar ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u011fer nesneleri bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bulmam\u0131z\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erler. \u00d6te yandan, y\u0131lanlar\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 tespit etme yetene\u011fimiz, y\u0131lanlar \u00e7evremizdeyken ve onlar\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in daha az zaman\u0131m\u0131z oldu\u011funda daha da belirgindir. Dahas\u0131, beynin arkas\u0131ndaki \u2018birincil g\u00f6rme alan\u0131n\u0131n\u2019, insanlar g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri g\u00f6rd\u00fckten 150\u2013300 milisaniye sonra, kertenkelelere k\u0131yasla y\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc elektrofizyolojik tepkiler verdi\u011fi ortaya koyulmu\u015ftur. Bu ise, y\u0131lanlar hakk\u0131ndaki daha b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rsel \u00f6nyarg\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir fiziksel korelasyonunu sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rme \u00e7o\u011funlukla beyinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden dolay\u0131, y\u0131lanlara kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fumuz g\u00f6rsel \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in y\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc n\u00f6robilime \u00e7evirmemiz gerekir. T\u00fcm omurgal\u0131lar, potansiyel y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 potansiyel avlardan ay\u0131rmalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan bir g\u00f6rsel sisteme sahiptir. Bu, memelilerde bulunan superior kollikulus[5] (superior colliculus) ve pulvinar[6] olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yap\u0131lar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, yaln\u0131zca korteks alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bilin\u00e7siz bir g\u00f6rsel sistemdir ve canl\u0131ya \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6rsel tespit ve yan\u0131t olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir hayvan bir y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu bilin\u00e7siz g\u00f6rme sistemi donakalma veya ka\u00e7ma gibi motor tepkileri do\u011frudan devreye sokar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Omurgal\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcyesi olarak memeliler de bu bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rme sistemine sahiptir, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6rmeyi neokorteksin b\u00fcnyesine de katm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Memeliler hari\u00e7 hi\u00e7bir hayvan neokortekse sahip de\u011fildir. Bir bak\u0131ma biraz daha yava\u015f olan bu bilin\u00e7li g\u00f6rsel sistem memelilere, nesnelerin ger\u00e7ekte ne olduklar\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde olma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u0130lk neokortikal durak, \u00f6zellikle farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerdeki kenarlara ve \u00e7izgilere duyarl\u0131 olan birincil g\u00f6rme alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, n\u00f6robilimcilerden olu\u015fan bir ekip, Japon makaklar\u0131n\u0131n pulvinar\u0131ndaki bireysel n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n tepkilerini, onlara y\u0131lan, maymun y\u00fcz\u00fc, maymun eli ve basit geometrik \u015fekilleri i\u00e7eren g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi anda derinlemesine inceledi. Beklenildi\u011fi gibi, bir\u00e7ok pulvinar n\u00f6ron, di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere k\u0131yasla y\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 yan\u0131t verdi. Y\u0131lana duyarl\u0131 n\u00f6ronlar, donakalma ve ka\u00e7ma gibi savunma motor davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda rol oynayan superior kollikulusun bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ve korku tepkilerine arac\u0131l\u0131k eden korteks alt\u0131 bir yap\u0131 olan amigdalaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan pulvinar\u0131n bir alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bulundu. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, t\u00fcm memeliler aras\u0131nda zehirli y\u0131lanlara evrimsel olarak en fazla maruz kalan ve antropoid maymunlar\u0131, kuyruksuz maymunlar\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren soy ayn\u0131 zamanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck pulvinara sahip olan soydur. Bu ise, y\u0131lan tespit teorisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda m\u00fckemmel bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131lanlar\u0131 bizim i\u00e7in bu kadar dikkat \u00e7ekici yapan \u015fey nedir? Elbette mevcut t\u00fcm ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z (v\u00fccut \u015fekli ve bacaks\u0131zl\u0131k gibi), ancak yine de t\u00fcm bu ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en g\u00fcvenilir olan y\u0131lanlar\u0131n pullar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131lan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yamas\u0131 bile devam etmemizi gerektiren tek \u015fey olabilir. Nitekim, \u00f6rne\u011fin Afrika\u2019daki vah\u015fi vervet maymunlar\u0131, m\u00fckemmel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f keskinlikleriyle, yanlar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bir dakika i\u00e7inde, bir in\u00e7lik y\u0131lan derisini dahi alg\u0131layabilirler. \u0130nsanlarda ise, birincil g\u00f6rme alan\u0131ndaki elektrofizyolojik tepkiler, kertenkele derileri ve ku\u015f t\u00fcylerine k\u0131yasla y\u0131lan pullar\u0131na daha erken g\u00f6rsel dikkat g\u00f6stermektedir. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, birincil g\u00f6rme alan\u0131, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerdeki kenarlara ve \u00e7izgilere kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a hassast\u0131r ve y\u0131lan derileri de pullar\u0131yla birlikte bu g\u00f6rsel ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131lan tespit teorisi, y\u0131lanlar hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u00e7eli\u015fkili tav\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 uyumlu bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde anlamland\u0131r\u0131r. Evrimsel olarak uzun s\u00fcre y\u0131lanlara maruz kalmam\u0131z, ofidiyofobinin[7] neden insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00e7ok bildirilen fobisi oldu\u011funu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u0131lanlara olan ilgimizin onlar\u0131 dinlerimize ve folklorumuza g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir \u015fekilde dahil edecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klar. En \u00f6nemlisi ise, g\u00f6rmemizin ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015fka bir hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcyle milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k etkile\u015fimler sonucu \u015fekillendi\u011fini kabul ederek ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011fa ile olan yak\u0131n ili\u015fkimizi de kabul etmi\u015f oluruz. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek istedi\u011fimiz gibi do\u011fan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde ya da d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011filiz, aksine her zaman tam anlam\u0131yla onun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 idik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isbell, L. A. (2006). Snakes as agents of evolutionary change in primate brains. Journal of human evolution<\/em>, 51<\/em>(1), 1\u201335.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isbell, L. A., & Etting, S. F. (2017). Scales drive detection, attention, and memory of snakes in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Primates<\/em>, 58<\/em>(1), 121\u2013129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Langeslag, S. J., & Van Strien, J. W. (2018). Early visual processing of snakes and angry faces: an ERP study. Brain research<\/em>, 1678<\/em>, 297\u2013303.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LoBue, V., & DeLoache, J. S. (2010). Superior detection of threat\u2010relevant stimuli in infancy. Developmental science<\/em>, 13<\/em>(1), 221\u2013228.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soares, S. C. (2012). The lurking snake in the grass: interference of snake stimuli in visually taxing conditions. Evolutionary Psychology<\/em>, 10<\/em>(2), 147470491201000202.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soares, S. C., Lindstr\u00f6m, B., Esteves, F., & \u00d6hman, A. (2014). The hidden snake in the grass: superior detection of snakes in challenging attentional conditions. PLoS one<\/em>, 9<\/em>(12), e114724.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soares, S. C., Maior, R. S., Isbell, L. A., Tomaz, C., & Nishijo, H. (2017). Fast detector\/first responder: interactions between the superior colliculus-pulvinar pathway and stimuli relevant to primates. Frontiers in Neuroscience<\/em>, 11<\/em>, 67.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Van Le, Q., Isbell, L. A., Matsumoto, J., Nguyen, M., Hori, E., Maior, R. S., \u2026 & Nishijo, H. (2013). Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, 110<\/em>(47), 19000\u201319005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] Eski D\u00fcnya: Avrasya ve Afrika\u2019y\u0131 tarif etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan terim. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Malga\u015f: Madagaskarl\u0131 (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Yeni D\u00fcnya: \u00c7o\u011funlukla Amerika ana karas\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, Avrasya-Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ana karalar\u0131 ifade eden terim. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Antropoid: K\u00f6peksi maymunlar ve insans\u0131lar \u00fcst ailelerinden olu\u015fan, Yeni D\u00fcnya ve Eski D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren primatlar\u0131n bir alt dizisi. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Superior Kollikulus: Mezensefalon\u2019un (orta beyin) arka b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki, g\u00f6z hareketlerini koordine eden merkezleri i\u00e7eren iki yuvarlak kabart\u0131dan her biri, \u00fcst tepecik. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Pulvinar: Talamusun g\u00f6rsel korteks ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011flant\u0131ya sahip en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ekirde\u011fi. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Ofidiyofobi: Y\u0131lan korkusu. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1874,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[117,116,94,93,234,63,101,893,691,64,233,92,323,886,370,369,111,803,798,885,891,76,892,890,888,889,80,81,110,887,797,96],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1873","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-anthropology","event_publishing_tags-antropoloji","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-biology","event_publishing_tags-biyoloji","event_publishing_tags-chimpanzee","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-cogsci","event_publishing_tags-culture","event_publishing_tags-evolution","event_publishing_tags-evrim","event_publishing_tags-gorme","event_publishing_tags-gorsel","event_publishing_tags-gorsel-sistem","event_publishing_tags-kultur","event_publishing_tags-maymun","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-monkey","event_publishing_tags-primat","event_publishing_tags-primates","event_publishing_tags-primatlar","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-vision","event_publishing_tags-visual","event_publishing_tags-visual-system","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1873\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1873"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}