{"id":1848,"date":"2020-10-21T15:00:54","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T15:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1848"},"modified":"2025-08-13T21:13:01","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T21:13:01","slug":"beynin-uzaktan-kontrol-edilecegi-gunler-geliyor-peki-bunu-nasil-kullanacagiz-catriona-houston","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/beynin-uzaktan-kontrol-edilecegi-gunler-geliyor-peki-bunu-nasil-kullanacagiz-catriona-houston\/","title":{"rendered":"Beynin Uzaktan Kontrol Edilece\u011fi G\u00fcnler Geliyor: Peki, Bunu Nas\u0131l Kullanaca\u011f\u0131z? \u2014 Catriona Houston"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131: \u201cRemote control of the brain is coming: how will we use it?<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catriona Houston<\/em><\/a> doktoras\u0131n\u0131 inhibit\u00f6r sinaptik aktar\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi (modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission) konusunda yapm\u0131\u015f bir yazard\u0131r. Doktora sonras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak Londra\u2019daki Imperial College\u2019da n\u00f6robilim \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zihnini uzaktan kontrol etme fikri uzun s\u00fcredir favori bir bilim kurgu temas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur, ama genetik ve n\u00f6robilim alanlar\u0131ndaki son geli\u015fmeler, yak\u0131n bir zamanda ger\u00e7ekten bu g\u00fcce sahip olabilece\u011fimizi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Stanford \u00dcniversitesinden biyom\u00fchendis Karl Deisseroth ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131, beynin optik kontrol\u00fc \u00fczerine bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma<\/a> yay\u0131nlayal\u0131 on y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7eli \u00e7ok olmad\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n ate\u015fleme \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini kontrol etmek i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131k kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 art\u0131k optogenetik olarak biliniyor. Karl Deisseroth ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 deney sistemini olu\u015fturabilmek i\u00e7in fare beynindeki n\u00f6ronlar\u0131, alglerde bulunan channelrhodopsin <\/em>ad\u0131 verilen bir molek\u00fclle geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Channelrhodopsin, \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan gelen enerjiyle bir reaksiyon dizisi ba\u015flat\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar h\u00fccrelerin i\u00e7ine girebilirler.[1]<\/a> Y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n elektriksel aktivitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir, bu da ayn\u0131 zamanda hayvan\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonras\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu farelerin beynindeki belli n\u00f6ronlarda bulunan channelrhodopsin molek\u00fcllerine implantlarla \u0131\u015f\u0131k vererek istediklerinde davran\u0131\u015f olu\u015fturdular. Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesinde, Anatol Kreitzer ve ekibi, Parkinson hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 taklit edecek \u015fekilde hareketleri bozmak ve hatta Parkinson hastas\u0131 olan bir farenin hareketlerini de normale d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in Deisseroth ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Deisseroth ve meslekta\u015f\u0131 Luis de Lecea daha sonra farelerin beyninde uyanmay\u0131 ve uyumay\u0131 kontrol eden birtak\u0131m n\u00f6ronlar\u0131 aktive ederek fareleri uyand\u0131rman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak optogenetik zorlu bir aland\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k, yo\u011fun ve ya\u011fl\u0131 olan beyin dokusuna kolayca n\u00fcfuz edemedi\u011finden, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 beynin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6nderebilmek i\u00e7in fiber optik bir kablo yerle\u015ftirmek zorundad\u0131r. Bu \u015fart, daha az m\u00fcdahale i\u00e7eren (intrusive) DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs \u2014 sadece tasar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131yla aktifle\u015ftirilen tasar\u0131m al\u0131c\u0131lar) adl\u0131 bir ba\u015fka tekni\u011fe \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti.[2]<\/a> Bu teknikte, normalde asetilkolin adl\u0131 n\u00f6rotransmitter taraf\u0131ndan etkinle\u015ftirilen bir resept\u00f6r, normal ko\u015fullarda v\u00fccutta bulunmayan tasar\u0131m bir ilaca yan\u0131t verecek \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirilir. Tasar\u0131m ila\u00e7 yerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca, birka\u00e7 saat ge\u00e7tikten sonra n\u00f6ronlar manip\u00fcle edilebilir ve davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. \u00c7o\u011fu g\u00f6rev (task) s\u0131ras\u0131nda, beyin aktivitesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ila\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n yava\u015f seyirli kalmas\u0131, buradaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck dezavantajd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, her ikisi de v\u00fccuda zarar vermeden n\u00fcfuz edebilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekanstaki radyo dalgalar\u0131 ya da bir manyetik alan kullanarak daha yeni bir teknik \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dalgalar, v\u00fccuttaki ilgili alana enjekte edilmi\u015f ya da genetik olarak hedeflenmi\u015f demir oksit nanopartik\u00fcllerini \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r. Optogenetiktekine benzer olan bir i\u015flemde, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f nanopartik\u00fcller kalsiyum iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fccreye ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin vererek TRPV (transient receptor potential vanilloid \u2014 ge\u00e7ici resept\u00f6r potansiyel vanilloidi)[3]<\/a> ad\u0131 verilen bir kanal a\u00e7ar. Nano par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n konumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak iyonlar, herhangi bir say\u0131daki g\u00f6revde (task) -ins\u00fclin \u00fcretiminden, a\u00e7l\u0131k hissiyat\u0131ndaki gastrik hormonlar\u0131 bask\u0131lamaya kadar- ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6rolojik ve zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131k problemlerini benzer teknolojiler kullanarak tedavi etmek an meselesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu ama\u00e7la, \u00f6zel bir \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir n\u00f6ronun genlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine gerek duyulmadan ate\u015flemesini sa\u011flayacak \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 \u00fcretebilen alt\u0131n nanopartik\u00fcller<\/a> ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rma gerekiyorsa da bu sistemler, derin beyin stim\u00fclasyonu (deep brain stimulation) gibi beyin aktivitesini de\u011fi\u015ftiren mevcut tekniklerden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesinlik, ayr\u0131ca daha az d\u0131\u015f etki gerektirme (invasive) potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bir\u00e7ok cephedeki bunca ilerleme sayesinde insan zihninin bir t\u00fcr kontrol\u00fc, sundu\u011fu tedaviler ve faydalarla birlikte, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Sadece y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 parlamaya ba\u015flayan di\u011fer teknolojiler gibi \u2014 bu konuda ak\u0131llara yapay zek\u00e2 ve robotik gelmektedir \u2014 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Sinirsel uyar\u0131mlar, akson boyunca h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n elektrik y\u00fck\u00fcndeki de\u011fi\u015fimlerle iletilir. Bu y\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimini h\u00fccrenin i\u00e7indeki ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki iyonlar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fleri sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. (E.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> DREADDler, organizmalardaki G proteininin uzamsal ve zamansal kontrol\u00fcne olanak sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kemogenetik i\u015flemle tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir protein s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f, do\u011fal ligandlar\u0131na yan\u0131t vermeyen, sadece sentetik ligandlara yan\u0131t veren G proteini ile kenetlenmi\u015f resept\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en tasar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar ise G proteini ile kenetlenmi\u015f resept\u00f6rlerde yan\u0131t olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ve h\u00fccredeki resept\u00f6rlere ba\u011flan\u0131p yan\u0131t olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcllerdir. (\u00c7.N.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> TRPV resept\u00f6r ailesi, hayvanlarda bulunan ve y\u00fcksek oranda kalsiyum se\u00e7ici davranan resept\u00f6rlerdir. Baz\u0131 tatlar\u0131n ve kokular\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. TRPV1 ayr\u0131ca \u0131s\u0131 ve yang\u0131 hislerinin alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r; kapsaisin ve piperinden do\u011fan ac\u0131 hissini de bu resept\u00f6r sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. (E.N.)<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1849,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[83,94,93,82,691,64,92,74,76,200,66,65,199,75,471,865,599,587,96],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1848","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-felsefe","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-neuroimaging","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norogoruntuleme","event_publishing_tags-philosophy","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-tech","event_publishing_tags-technology","event_publishing_tags-teknoloji","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1848\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1848"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}