{"id":1832,"date":"2020-09-06T15:00:26","date_gmt":"2020-09-06T15:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&#038;p=1832"},"modified":"2025-08-13T20:29:49","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T20:29:49","slug":"kirmizi-ve-yesil-uzmanlari-insanlarin-renk-gorusu-neden-bu-kadar-tuhaf-james-p-higham","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/kirmizi-ve-yesil-uzmanlari-insanlarin-renk-gorusu-neden-bu-kadar-tuhaf-james-p-higham\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Ve Ye\u015fil Uzmanlar\u0131: \u0130nsanlar\u0131n Renk G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Neden Bu Kadar Tuhaf \u2014 James P. Higham"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/ideas\/the-red-and-green-specialists-why-human-colour-vision-is-so-odd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The red and green specialists: why human colour vision is so odd<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"4912\"><em>James P Higham, New York \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde antropoloji do\u00e7enti.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"84b7\">\u00c7o\u011fu memeli, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcden \u00e7ok kokuya g\u00fcvenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir k\u00f6pe\u011fin g\u00f6zlerine bak\u0131n: Genellikle y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yan taraf\u0131ndad\u0131rlar, bizimkiler gibi birbirine yak\u0131n ve ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck de\u011fildirler. G\u00f6zlerin yandan olmas\u0131 geni\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in iyidir, ancak derinlik alg\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6ndeki mesafeleri do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130yi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olmak yerine, k\u00f6peklerin, atlar\u0131n, farelerin, antiloplar\u0131n \u2014 asl\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu memelinin \u2014 bir \u015feyleri koklamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 uzun nemli burunlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Biz insanlar, kuyruksuz maymunlar (ape) ve maymunlar farkl\u0131y\u0131z. Ve birazdan g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, bizim g\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fczde a\u00e7\u0131klama gerektiren \u00f6zellikle al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir \u015fey var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"226d\">Zamanla, belki de primatlar g\u00f6recek \u00e7ok \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011fu ni\u015fleri daha \u00e7ok i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a, bir \u015fekilde kokuya daha az ve g\u00f6rmeye daha fazla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldik. Islak burunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kaybettik, g\u00f6zlerimiz y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti ve birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131, bu da mesafeleri de\u011ferlendirme yetene\u011fimizi geli\u015ftirdi (b\u00f6ylece, geli\u015fmi\u015f stereoskopi veya binok\u00fcler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131). Ek olarak, Eski D\u00fcnya kuyruksuz maymunlar\u0131 (catarrhines olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) ve maymunlar\u0131, trikromasi geli\u015ftirdiler: k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, ye\u015fil ve mavi renkli g\u00f6rme. Di\u011fer memelilerin \u00e7o\u011funun g\u00f6zlerinde iki farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrde renkli fotoresept\u00f6r (koniler) vard\u0131r, ancak catarrhine atalar\u0131, renkli g\u00f6rme i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 gen olu\u015fturan bir gen kopyalanmas\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n her biri \u015fimdi farkl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layabilen bir fotoresept\u00f6r kodlar: biri k\u0131sa dalga boylar\u0131nda (mavi), biri orta dalga boylar\u0131nda (ye\u015fil) ve biri uzun dalga boylar\u0131nda (k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131). \u00d6yleyse \u00f6yk\u00fc, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ileriye bakan g\u00f6zler ve trikromatik renk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc geli\u015ftirmesiyle devam etti ve hi\u00e7 geriye gitmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1360\/1*rSRo_Sxq4XZqQ1Pi05XYnQ.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u015eekil 1. Bir balaras\u0131n\u0131n koni h\u00fccrelerinin spektral duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16096084%20\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Osorio &amp; Vorobyev, 2005<\/a>&nbsp;temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1360\/1*pScDUxA9p2shtj1DP9gvgQ.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u015eekil 2. Dijital bir kameran\u0131n renk sens\u00f6rlerinin spektral duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131. Yazar\u0131n kendi verileri temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r..<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"aaa6\">Renkli g\u00f6rme, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 birden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dalga boyunda yakalayarak ve ard\u0131ndan bir nesneden (renginden) yans\u0131yan dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in bunlar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Mavi renk, k\u0131sa dalga boylar\u0131nda bir resept\u00f6r\u00fc kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde uyar\u0131r ve uzun dalga boylar\u0131nda bir resept\u00f6r\u00fc ise zay\u0131f bir \u015fekilde uyar\u0131r, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk ise tam tersini yapar. Bu k\u0131sa dalga (mavi) ve uzun dalga (k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131) resept\u00f6rlerin g\u00f6receli uyar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak, bahsedilen renkleri ay\u0131rt edebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ed79\">Farkl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boylar\u0131n\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde yakalamak i\u00e7in, koniler, insanlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 400\u2013700 nm olan \u0131\u015f\u0131k spektrumu boyunca e\u015fit aral\u0131klara sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda trikromatik olan bal ar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n koni aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na (\u015fekil 1) bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, ger\u00e7ekten de aral\u0131klar\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliriz. Benzer \u015fekilde, dijital foto\u011fraf makinelerinin sens\u00f6rlerinin (\u015fekil 2) renkleri yakalamak i\u00e7in g\u00fczelce aral\u0131klarla yerle\u015ftirilmesi gerekir. Bu e\u015fit koni \/ sens\u00f6r aral\u0131\u011f\u0131, mevcut \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boylar\u0131 i\u00e7in iyi bir spektral kapsama alan\u0131 ve m\u00fckemmel kromatik kapsama sa\u011flar. Ancak bu tam olarak bizim g\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn i\u015fleyi\u015f \u015fekli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/v2\/resize:fit:1360\/1*aXZjDkyWbTs72c2G-JvZZw.jpeg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u015eekil 3. Bir insan\u0131n koni h\u00fccrelerinin spektral duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16096084%20\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Osorio &amp; Vorobyev, 2005<\/a>&nbsp;temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"8613\">Bizim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fczde bu e\u015fit spektral aral\u0131k yoktur (\u015fekil 3). \u0130nsanlarda ve di\u011fer catarrhine\u2019lerde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve ye\u015fil koniler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar \u00e7ok rengi g\u00f6rebilmek pahas\u0131na, birka\u00e7 renk t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u2014 \u00f6zellikle k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve ye\u015fili \u2014 ger\u00e7ekten iyi ay\u0131rt etmeye \u00f6ncelik verdi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu kula\u011fa biraz tuhaf geliyor. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131y\u0131 ye\u015filden ay\u0131rt etmeye neden \u00f6ncelik veriyoruz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ceff\">Birka\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Belki de en basit olan\u0131, bunun biyologlar\u0131n evrimsel k\u0131s\u0131tlama dedikleri \u015feyin bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ye\u015fil resept\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kodlayan gen ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 resept\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kodlayan gen, bir gen duplikasyonu yoluyla evrimle\u015fti. Muhtemelen duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan neredeyse ayn\u0131 olacaklard\u0131 ve belki de farkl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli zaman ya da yeterli evrimsel se\u00e7ilim yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"00a1\">Ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131klama, yak\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-ye\u015fil koni d\u00fczenlemesinin evrimsel avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Ye\u015filimsi ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 renkleri \u2014 ve pembelerin ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 tonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u2014 ay\u0131rt etmede bizi \u00f6zellikle iyi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, olgunla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a tipik olarak ye\u015filden k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya ve turuncu renklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen olgunla\u015fan meyveleri tan\u0131mlamada daha iyi olabiliriz. Bu etkinin ger\u00e7ek ve belirgin oldu\u011funa dair \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131t var. Trikromatik insanlar, ye\u015fil yapraklardan olgunla\u015fan meyveleri se\u00e7mede dikromatik insanlara (genellikle k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-ye\u015fil renk k\u00f6r\u00fc denilen bireyler) g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha iyidir. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, normal trikromatik insanlar bu g\u00f6revde deneysel olarak e\u015fit aral\u0131kl\u0131 trikromasi sim\u00fclasyonu verilen bireylerden \u00e7ok daha iyidir. Baz\u0131 bireylerin trikromatik ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n dikromatik oldu\u011fu Yeni D\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131nda (catarrhines), trikromatlar olgunla\u015fan meyveyi dikromatlardan \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde koklamadan tespit eder. Meyve, bir\u00e7ok primat\u0131n beslenmesinin kritik bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, meyve saptama, sadece genel olarak trikromasinin evrimi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zel, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k trikromasi bi\u00e7imimiz i\u00e7in de makul bir se\u00e7ilim bask\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ecb4\">Son bir a\u00e7\u0131klama, sosyal sinyaller ile ilgilidir. \u00c7o\u011fu primat t\u00fcr\u00fc, Mandril\u2019in parlak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 burnu ve Gelada\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs yamas\u0131 gibi sosyal ileti\u015fimde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 renkler kullan\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, insanlar duygular\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fczde kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili renk de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, hasta veya endi\u015feli hissetti\u011fimizde solgunluk, utand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u0131zarma vb. yoluyla g\u00f6sterir. Belki de bu t\u00fcr i\u015faretlerin ve sinyallerin tespiti, ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 koni aral\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n geli\u015fimine katk\u0131s\u0131 olabilir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"0bcc\">Son zamanlarda meslekta\u015flar\u0131m ve ben bu hipotezi deneysel olarak test ettik. Di\u015filer \u00e7iftle\u015fmeyle ilgilendi\u011finde k\u0131zaran al yanakl\u0131 maymun di\u015filerinin y\u00fczlerinin foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektik. \u0130nsan g\u00f6zlemcilere, ayn\u0131 di\u015fiye ait olmak \u00fczere, birinde di\u015finin \u00e7iftle\u015fmeye istekli oldu\u011fu, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcndeyse olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7ift g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz deneyler haz\u0131rlad\u0131k. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lardan \u00e7iftle\u015fme y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7meleri istendi, ancak kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fczlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnme \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftirdik. Baz\u0131 denemelerde insan g\u00f6zlemciler orijinal g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri g\u00f6rd\u00fcler, ancak di\u011fer denemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, bir g\u00f6zlemcinin farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6rsel sistemi olsa g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi \u015fekilde bir renk transformasyonuyla g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"2bb5\">Birden fazla trikromasi ve dikromasi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bu \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, insan g\u00f6zlemcilerin normal insan trikromatik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle \u200b\u200bg\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde bu g\u00f6revde en iyi performans\u0131 sergilediklerini bulduk ve normal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle, e\u015fit koni aral\u0131kl\u0131 trikromasiyle (yani k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-ye\u015fil koni \u00fcst \u00fcste binmeden) g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden \u00e7ok daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar elde ettiler. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z sosyal sinyal hipotezi ile tutarl\u0131yd\u0131: insan g\u00f6rsel sistemi, di\u011fer primatlar\u0131n y\u00fczlerinden gelen sosyal bilgileri tespit etmede bu zamana dek test edilenlerin en iyisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"c61b\">Bununla birlikte, hipotezin yaln\u0131zca gerekli bir ko\u015fulunu, yani renkli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bu g\u00f6revde tasarlayabilece\u011fimiz di\u011fer olas\u0131 g\u00f6rme t\u00fcrlerinden daha iyi oldu\u011fu hipotezini test ettik. Tersi yerine asl\u0131nda sinyallerin kendisi, g\u00f6zlerimizin zaten hassas oldu\u011fu dalga boylar\u0131ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in evrimle\u015fmi\u015f de olabilir. Birden fazla a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir veya daha fazla fakt\u00f6r koni aral\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6keni ile ilgili olabilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, meyve yeme), di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler ise bu aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir kez evrimle\u015ftikten sonra evrimsel olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ilgili olabilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, sosyal sinyal verme).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"60f0\">\u0130nsanlar\u0131n neden bu kadar tuhaf bir renk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne sahip olduklar\u0131 hala tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu, yiyecek arama, sosyal sinyaller, evrimsel k\u0131s\u0131tlama veya ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131klamadan kaynaklan\u0131yor olabilir. Bununla birlikte, bu soruyu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, bir bireyin renk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn genetik s\u0131ralamas\u0131, davran\u0131\u015fsal performans testi ile birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f farkl\u0131 renk g\u00f6rme t\u00fcrlerinin deneysel sim\u00fclasyonu ve farkl\u0131 renkleri g\u00f6ren yabani primatlar\u0131n g\u00f6zlemleri gibi bir\u00e7ok ara\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Renkleri g\u00f6rme \u015feklimizde tuhaf bir \u015feyler var. Olabildi\u011fi kadar \u00e7ok rengi g\u00f6rebilmek pahas\u0131na, birka\u00e7 renk t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekten iyi ay\u0131rt etmeye \u00f6ncelik verdik. Bir g\u00fcn nedenini \u00f6\u011frenmeyi umuyoruz.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1833,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[245,83,94,93,378,234,518,82,691,64,377,233,92,795,794,111,798,66,65,244,793,796,471,110,797],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1832","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-algi","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-colour","event_publishing_tags-colours","event_publishing_tags-gorme","event_publishing_tags-gorsel-sistem","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-perception","event_publishing_tags-renk","event_publishing_tags-renkler","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-vision","event_publishing_tags-visual-system","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1832","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1832\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1832"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1832"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}