{"id":1808,"date":"2020-07-01T15:00:16","date_gmt":"2020-07-01T15:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1808"},"modified":"2025-08-13T19:26:15","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T19:26:15","slug":"taklit-oyunu-ve-turing-uzerine-bir-inceleme-noam-chomsky","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/taklit-oyunu-ve-turing-uzerine-bir-inceleme-noam-chomsky\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cTaklit Oyunu\u201d ve Turing \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme\u2014 Noam Chomsky"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0Turing on \u201cThe Imitation Game\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong> Turing\u2019in makalesi m\u00fctevazi ama\u00e7lar ta\u015f\u0131yor. Makinelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fi sorusunu \u201cbir tart\u0131\u015fma de\u011feri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in ekarte ediyor. \u201cTaklit oyunu\u201dnun, bili\u015fsel fonksiyonlara ve bilgisayarlar ile yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimine dair sorgulamalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u00d6nerileri, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u201cdi\u011fer zihinleri\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan testleri and\u0131r\u0131yor. Fakat bu testler, zihinlerin mekanizmalardan ayr\u0131 niteliklere sahip oldu\u011fu Kartezyen varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 ile \u2013Turing\u2019in \u00f6nerilerinin aksine\u2013 ola\u011fan bilimin (normal science) s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kal\u0131yorlar. Newton\u2019\u0131n \u201cmekanik felsefe\u201dyi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmesi, bu Kartezyen varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme eyleminin (thinking) do\u011fadaki di\u011fer \u00f6zellikler gibi organize maddenin bir niteli\u011fi oldu\u011fu sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Kartezyen bilim, komp\u00fctasyonel prosed\u00fcrler, Joseph Priestley, organize madde, sim\u00fclasyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950 tarihli \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cBilgi \u0130\u015flem Makineleri ve Zeka\u201d (Computing Machinery and Intelligence)<\/a> makalesinde A. M. Turing, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201cTuring Testi\u201d olarak bilinen \u201ctaklit oyunu\u201dnu tasarlar. \u201c\u0130nsan\u0131n zekasal yetilerine\u201d (intellectual capacities) odaklanmak \u00fczere tasarlanan bu test, makinelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemedi\u011fine dair, \u201cyeni bir soru \u015fekli\u201ddir. Turing, \u201ckullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sahalar\u0131 \u201d sunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc makine potansiyeli \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli varsay\u0131mlar ileri s\u00fcrer ve \u201cbu yeni sorunun ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya de\u011fer oldu\u011funu\u201d vurgular. \u0130nsan\u0131n zekasal yetilerini ke\u015ffedilebilme ihtimalini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan Turing\u2019in a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yol, \u201czekasal alanlarda makinelerin bir g\u00fcn t\u00fcm salt entelekt\u00fcel alanlarda insanlarla yar\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kucak a\u00e7mam\u0131z ihtimalini de beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu giri\u015fimin, daha iyi makineler in\u015fa etmeye ve insan zekas\u0131na dair daha iyi bir anlay\u0131\u015f kazanmaya katk\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k sug\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir ger\u00e7ek; ancak, \u00f6neminin nereden geldi\u011fi, \u00f6ncelleri ve Turing\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi spesifik ara\u015ft\u0131rma stratejisi tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nem konusunda, Turing g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131k ve k\u0131sa bir bi\u00e7imde ifade eder. Makalesine \u201cMakineler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir mi?\u2019\u2019 sorusunu de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6nerisiyle ba\u015flasa da, devam\u0131nda \u201cbir tart\u0131\u015fma de\u011feri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d bu soruyu ele almayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u2013 hem de \u201ci\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu asr\u0131n sonunda kelimelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve genel bilgiye dayal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131na, \u00f6yle ki, ki\u015filerin tart\u0131\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n makinelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fabilece\u011fine\u201d inanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen. Ve a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda bu sorunu, en az\u0131ndan kendi ba\u011flam\u0131nda, makine ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme kelimelerinin \u201cgenel kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131\u201d (ki, \u015fuan konumuzla ilgisi olmasa da k\u0131saca bu kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 dar bir \u015fekilde ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz) saptayarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin \u201csa\u00e7mal\u0131k\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turing, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMakineler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir mi?\u201d sorusunu neden \u201cbir tart\u0131\u015fma de\u011feri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d\u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi, ya da sorunu \u201cgenel kullan\u0131mlar\u0131\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin neden bir \u201csa\u00e7mal\u0131k\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmaz. Belki de \u201cBir insan hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6yleyebileceklerimiz yaln\u0131zca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d konusunda Wittgenstein\u2019la hemfikirdir; enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kullan\u0131mlar\u0131na dair daha fazla bir a\u00e7\u0131klama Turing\u2019in giri\u015fiminin bahsetti\u011fimiz iki \u00f6nerisine bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flamayacakt\u0131. Farkl\u0131 enstr\u00fcmanlar kullanmay\u0131 se\u00e7ebilirsiniz \u2013ki Turing 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bunun olabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u2013 ama bu, empirik ya da kavramsal tart\u0131\u015fmalar meydana getirmez. Uzay mekiklerinin u\u00e7up u\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya da denizalt\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcp y\u00fczmedi\u011fini sorgulamak gibi bir \u015feydir bu, bo\u015f sorulard\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi bacaklar\u0131n m\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fini, tatilleri beyinlerin mi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sormak da bo\u015ftur; robotlar\u0131n cinayet i\u015fleyebilip i\u015fleyemeyece\u011fi, onurlu davran\u0131p davranamayaca\u011f\u0131, gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131 duyup duymayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sormak da \u00f6yle. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ifade modlar\u0131m\u0131z b\u00f6yle eylemleri ve durumlar\u0131 ki\u015filere atfeder, ya da ki\u015filere yeterince benzedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilece\u011fimiz \u015feylere. Birey, Locke\u2019un g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi \u00fczere, do\u011fa biliminin bir terimi de\u011fildir; \u201ceylemleri ve getirilerini d\u00fczenleyen hukuki (forensic) bir terimdir. Bu sebeple muhakeme yapma, mutlu ve \u00fczg\u00fcn olma yetisine sahip, eylemlerinden ve ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u015feyden sorumlu tutulabilen zeki \u00f6znelere (intelligent agent) aittir\u201d (Locke, 1690). Beyinlerin ya da makinelerin \u0130ngilizce anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da satran\u00e7 oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u2013uygulamadaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek\u2013 lehte yahut aleyhte \u201cempirik bir kan\u0131t\u201d aramak bir karma\u015faya neden olurdu.Turing\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bu \u015fekilde yorumlayabiliriz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turing\u2019in bahsetti\u011fi iki \u201ckullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sahalar\u0131ndan\u201d biri olan \u2018\u2018makinelerin kapasitelerinin geli\u015fmesi\u2019\u2019 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir konudur, \u00f6zellikle de taklit oyunu b\u00f6ylesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e. \u0130kincisi ise \u2018\u2018insan\u0131n zekasal yetilerini ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019\u2019 meselesidir ve\u2013 her ne kadar meseleleri anlamak i\u00e7in genellikle sim\u00fclasyonu bir y\u00f6ntem olarak kullanan, bilimin a\u015fina oldu\u011fu t\u00fcrden bir mesele olsa da\u2013 daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 makineyi bir \u00e7e\u015fit teori olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr: komp\u00fctasyonel prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn, insanlar\u0131n \u0130ngilizce\u2019yi nas\u0131l anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da nas\u0131l satran\u00e7 oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hali haz\u0131rda ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan meselelere dair bir kavray\u0131\u015f sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar veren standart (ve mu\u011flak) kriterlerle de\u011ferlendirilecek t\u00fcrden bir teoridir. Fenomenlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn taklidi t\u00fcm di\u011fer alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu amaca hizmet edebilir ya da hedefin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Turing\u2019in akl\u0131ndaki nedenler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Jones\u2019un beyninin (Jones burada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir insan\u0131 temsil etmektedir); g\u00f6rme, \u0130ngilizce anlama, aritmetik problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zme, motor hareketleri organize etme vb. \u015feyler i\u00e7in komp\u00fctasyonel prosed\u00fcrler kullan\u0131p kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenmiyoruz. Genel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ifade modlar\u0131m\u0131zla uyumlu bu vard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir makinenin insanlar\u0131 taklit ederek bu eylemleri yerine getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Hatta ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, e\u011fer Jones\u2019un eylemleri kendisi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir anlam ifade etmeyen y\u00f6nergeleri uygulamaktan ibaret ise, Jones bu eylemleri kendisi yerine getiriyor diyemeyiz. Bu durumu bir deneycinin girdi-\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ili\u015fkilerini insan\u0131n bir eylem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme durumuyla e\u015fle\u015ftirmesi \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, John Searle\u2019\u00fcn (1980) \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bir \u2018\u2018aritmetik oda\u2019\u2019 ya da bir \u2018\u2018yaz\u0131 odas\u0131\u2019\u2019 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim: Jones, kalanl\u0131 b\u00f6lme i\u015flemi i\u00e7in\u2013belki de bilin\u00e7li olarak uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir algoritma \u00fczerine modellenmi\u015f\u2013 bir algoritma kullan\u0131yor. Ya da yaz\u0131 odas\u0131nda harita koduyla kodlanan ses girdilerini s\u0131ral\u0131 harfler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren y\u00f6nergeleri mekanik olarak uyguluyor \u2013ki bu y\u00f6nergeler duydu\u011fu \u015feyi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda duyu-motor ve dilsel sistemi taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan algoritman\u0131n yak\u0131n bir benzeri olabilir. Jones\u2019un kalanl\u0131 b\u00f6lme i\u015flemi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ya da yaz\u0131 yazmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren daha karma\u015f\u0131k olan bu ikinci meseleye dair anlaml\u0131 her hangi bir soru y\u00f6neltilmedi\u011finden, bu prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn beynin as\u0131l olarak ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6\u011fretici bir yol ortaya koyup koymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusuna da bir yan\u0131t sunmuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beynin komp\u00fctasyonel- temsili \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131ndaki sorular ilgin\u00e7tir ve \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, ayr\u0131ca sim\u00fclasyon teorik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilir. Fakat taklit oyunundaki ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n kendisi bu konularda bize hi\u00e7bir \u015fey sunmamaktad\u0131r. Belki de taklit oyunu, Turing\u2019in inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, savundu\u011fu iki \u201ckullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sahas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir te\u015fvik sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Turing, makine kapasitesinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve insan zekas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda neden bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma stratejisinin di\u011fer yollara tercih edilmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda pek az \u015fey s\u00f6ylemesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ele\u015ftirel bir g\u00f6zle bakan bir d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemcinin saptayabilece\u011fi baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel n\u00fcanslar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, a\u00e7\u0131k varsay\u0131mlar da \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncellerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Turing\u2019in taklit oyununun, maddenin dura\u011fan oldu\u011fu ve temas mekanikleri ilkeleriyle y\u00f6netildi\u011fi \u201cmekanik felsefe\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda, on yedinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u201cilk bili\u015fsel devrim\u201d addedebilece\u011fimiz s\u00fcre\u00e7te tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ve takip edilen fikirleri and\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Descartes ve takip\u00e7ileri, do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n insan alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve eylemlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren fakat Descartes\u2019\u0131n \u201csahip olabilece\u011fimiz en asil \u015fey\u201d olarak kabul etti\u011fi insan zihnini(Descartes, 1647) , bilhassa \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr iradeyi\u201d i\u00e7ermeyen bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7ine dahil edilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar ve bunu en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekliyle ola\u011fan dil kullan\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konsept di\u011fer zihinlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sorular do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131: Bir canl\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k bir mekanizmaya ya da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kendisine bah\u015fedilmi\u015f bir zihne sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na (farkl\u0131 yollardan ke\u015ffetti\u011fimiz \u00fczere bizde oldu\u011fu gibi) nas\u0131l karar verece\u011fiz? Bu soruyu cevaplamak \u00fczere, canl\u0131n\u0131n, mekanik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan (esas olarak dile ili\u015fkin) \u00f6zellikler sergileyip sergilemedi\u011fini saptamak amac\u0131yla deneysel testler \u00f6nerildi. E\u011fer yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri benim yapaca\u011f\u0131m gibi tutarl\u0131 ve uygun \u015fekilde ifade edebilip edemedi\u011fi ve yorumlay\u0131p yorumlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyebilece\u011fim en zor testleri ge\u00e7erse, Kartezyencilerin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, bu canl\u0131n\u0131n benimki gibi bir zihne sahip oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphe etmek \u201cmant\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her ne kadar Turing\u2019in taklit oyununa baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden benzese de, di\u011fer zihinler i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan Kartezyen testler tamam\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede konumland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu testler asitli\u011fi ortaya koyan bir turnusol testi gibi s\u0131radan bilime dahildir (ordinary science), bir nesnenin belirli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptamak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu proje, Newton mekanik d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flat\u0131nca \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc, art\u0131k zihin-beden problemi ya da di\u011fer problemler Kartezyen terimlerle ele al\u0131namazd\u0131; en az\u0131ndan baz\u0131 yeni \u201cfiziksel\u201d ve \u201cmaddi\u201d konseptler form\u00fcle edilinceye dek. Sonraki y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bunun do\u011fal sonucu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin \u00e7ekicilik (attraction) ve iticilik (repulsion) gibi di\u011fer gizemli \u00f6zelliklerle birlikte bir organize madde \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011fudur. \u0130nsanlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, \u201csinir sisteminin, daha do\u011frusu beynin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir\u201d t\u0131pk\u0131 \u201cses gibi belli bir organizasyonun zorunlu sonucunun, havadaki belli bir hareketlenmenin (concussion) zorunlu sonucu\u201d oldu\u011fu gibi (Priestley, 1777). Dikkatlice \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan beyin olsa da, insanlar\u0131n beyinleri de\u011fil kendileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler. S\u0131kl\u0131kla l\u00fczumsuz sorular do\u011furabilen bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ge\u00e7i\u015f bizi, sa\u011fduyusal y\u00f6nelimsel \u00f6zellikleri insanlara atfetmekten insanlar\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131na atfetmeye ve sonras\u0131nda da ba\u015fka nesnelere atfetmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, makine sim\u00fclasyonu projesiyle aktif olarak u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu proje d\u00fcnyaya dair bir \u015feyleri \u00e7\u00f6zme yolu olarak addedildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcstat Jacques de Vaucanson\u2019\u0131n amac\u0131, hitap etti\u011fi kitleyi mekanik \u00f6rde\u011finin sindirim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrine inand\u0131rmak de\u011fildi; model in\u015fa ederek ya\u015fayan \u015feyler hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmekti. Turing\u2019in niyeti de bu ba\u011flamda benzer g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nerdi\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rma stratejisi nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilirse de\u011ferlendirilsin, Turing\u2019in iki \u201ckullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sahas\u0131\u201d kendilerinin takip edilmeye de\u011fer oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Bana kal\u0131rsa Turing\u2019in mant\u0131kl\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131 ve \u015fu ana kadar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok ciddiye al\u0131nmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Descartes, R., 1647., Letter to Christine of Sweden, 20 November., translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch; reprinted, in:\u00a0The Philosophical Writings of Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/em>, Vol. III (1985), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Locke, J., 1690,\u00a0An Essay Concerning Human Understanding<\/em>, book 2, Chapter 27, Section 26;\u00a0http:\/\/eserver.org\/18th\/locke-understanding.txt<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Priestley, J., 1777,\u00a0Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit<\/em>, J. Johnson, London, England, pp. 27\u201328;\u00a0http:\/\/dewey.library.upenn.edu\/sceti\/printedbooksNew\/index.cfm?textID=priestley_disq_sel<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Searle, J. R., 1980, Minds, brains, and programs,\u00a0Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/em>\u00a03: 417\u2013457.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Turing, A. M., 1950, Computing machinery and intelligence,\u00a0Mind<\/em>\u00a059(236): 433\u2013460.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"featured_media":1809,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[479,292,426,84,286,94,93,710,691,64,92,221,285,87,760,220,348,282,88,89,759,758,425,61,734,349],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1808","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-ai","event_publishing_tags-alan-turing","event_publishing_tags-artificial","event_publishing_tags-artificial-intelligence","event_publishing_tags-bilgisayar-bilimi","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-chomsky","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-computation","event_publishing_tags-computer-science","event_publishing_tags-dil","event_publishing_tags-dilbilimi","event_publishing_tags-hesaplama","event_publishing_tags-intelligence","event_publishing_tags-islemleme","event_publishing_tags-language","event_publishing_tags-linguistics","event_publishing_tags-noam-chomsky","event_publishing_tags-turing","event_publishing_tags-yapay","event_publishing_tags-yapay-zeka","event_publishing_tags-yz","event_publishing_tags-zeka","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1808\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1808"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}