{"id":1801,"date":"2020-06-14T15:00:37","date_gmt":"2020-06-14T15:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1801"},"modified":"2025-08-13T19:19:30","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T19:19:30","slug":"baskalarinin-zihnini-gozlerine-bakarak-okumayi-nasil-ogreniriz-tobias-grossmann","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/baskalarinin-zihnini-gozlerine-bakarak-okumayi-nasil-ogreniriz-tobias-grossmann\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n Zihnini G\u00f6zlerine Bakarak Okumay\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u00d6\u011freniriz? \u2014 Tobias Grossmann"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0How we learn to read another\u2019s mind by looking into their eyes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tobias Grossmann, Virginia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde psikoloji do\u00e7entidir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6zler g\u00fcnl\u00fck sosyal ili\u015fkilerimizde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynarlar ve bazen mecazen ruhlar\u0131m\u0131za a\u00e7\u0131lan bir pencere olduklar\u0131 bile s\u00f6ylenir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zihniyle ilgili bir\u00e7ok bilgiyi (information) g\u00f6zlerine bakarak edinebilece\u011fimiz iddias\u0131na dair ikna edici kan\u0131tlar<\/a> var. Simon Baron-Cohen ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde bulunan grubu taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Zihni G\u00f6zlerden Okuma Testi (Reading the Mind in the Eye Test) (RMET) taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi<\/a> \u00fczere i\u00e7sel durumlar\u0131 (inner states) g\u00f6z ve g\u00f6z \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgeden belirleyebilme yetene\u011fine sahibiz. G\u00f6zlerin \u00f6teki zihinler hakk\u0131nda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilginin kapsam\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olabilir, ancak yine de bu kan\u0131t \u015f\u00fcpheci gelene\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 filozoflar\u0131n \u00f6teki zihinlerin i\u00e7eri\u011finin do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlemlenemedi\u011fine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcpheci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn aksine insan g\u00f6z\u00fc ba\u015fka bir ki\u015finin i\u00e7sel durumuna do\u011frudan eri\u015fim sa\u011flayarak ben ve \u00f6teki aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bahsedilen fenomen yaln\u0131zca insanlara \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ekten de t\u00fcm primat t\u00fcrlerinin neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda insan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn hem morfolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan hem de duyarl\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benzersiz oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir<\/a>. \u0130nsanlar<\/a> g\u00f6z \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin yatay d\u00fczlemdeki en uzun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne ve sklera (g\u00f6z\u00fcn en d\u0131\u015ftaki katman\u0131) miktar\u0131n\u0131n en fazlas\u0131na sahip olan t\u00fcr olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda skleras\u0131 beyaz olan tek t\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Bize en yak\u0131n ya\u015fayan primatlar olan \u015fempanzelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/a> biz insanlar y\u00fczleri incelerken g\u00f6z b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7ok daha istikrarl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde odaklan\u0131yoruz. 14 ayl\u0131k olduklar\u0131nda insan bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 neredeyse yaln\u0131zca<\/a> g\u00f6zleri takip ederken b\u00fcy\u00fck-maymunlar (great apes) ba\u015f\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fck oldu\u011fu y\u00f6ne daha fazla g\u00fcvenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6zlere olan duyarl\u0131l\u0131k insan geli\u015fiminin erken d\u00f6nemlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Do\u011fumdan itibaren<\/a> yenido\u011fanlar g\u00f6rme keskinliklerinin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen y\u00fczlere<\/a> bakmay\u0131 tercih ederler. Bebekler g\u00f6zleri kapal\u0131 olandansa a\u00e7\u0131k<\/a> olan y\u00fczlere bakmay\u0131 tercih ederler. Yenido\u011fanlar normal olan (yani siyah iris ve beyaz skleraya sahip) g\u00f6zlere bakmay\u0131 tercih ederken beyaz iris ve siyah skleraya sahip deney y\u00fczlerini daha az tercih<\/a> ederler. Ve \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki bebekler \u00f6teki zihinler hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6zlerine bakarak duygusal bilgiler edinebiliyorlar ve bunun i\u00e7in yeti\u015fkinlerin ba\u015fka bir ki\u015finin zihinsel durumunu anlama u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda aktive olan ayn\u0131 beyin b\u00f6lgelerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar<\/a>. \u00c7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde bebekler daha yedi ayl\u0131kken duygusal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebiliyor, do\u011frudan ve ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sadece g\u00f6z aklar\u0131n\u0131<\/a> temel alarak ay\u0131rt edebiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgi n\u00f6rohormonu olan oksitosin g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na verilecek cevab\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ayarlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalarda<\/a> bu hormonun burun yoluyla verildi\u011fi deneklerde kendilerine g\u00f6sterilen y\u00fczlerdeki g\u00f6zlere odaklanma oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca oksitosin duygusal ve zihinsel durumlar\u0131n g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131yla tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131<\/a> \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6zlere ve g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131, otizm spektrum bozuklu\u011funun (autism spectrum disorder) geli\u015fiminde belirlenebilen en erken uyar\u0131 bulgulardan biri olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>. Son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/a>, otizm spektrumu s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda g\u00f6zlere y\u00f6nelimin yenido\u011fanlarda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mevcut oldu\u011funu ancak iki ila alt\u0131 ayl\u0131kken azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Alt\u0131 ila on ayl\u0131kken kaydedilen g\u00f6z bak\u0131\u015f ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na beynin verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tlardaki karakteristik farkl\u0131l\u0131klardan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak 36. ayda te\u015fhis edilen otizm \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir. Dahas\u0131 otizmi olan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ya\u015fta \u00e7ocuklara burun i\u00e7i oksitosin<\/a> uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beyinlerinin g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131na daha iyi tepki verdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Oksitosin ve zihin okuma aras\u0131ndaki ince bir ayr\u0131m vard\u0131r: ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/a> g\u00f6steriyor ki oksitosin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve emzirme tecr\u00fcbesini etkileyen genetik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bebeklerin yedinci aydan itibaren g\u00f6zlere verdi\u011fi duygusal tepkiyi etkilemektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n zihinlerini okuma becerisi bebeklerde \u00e7ok erken bir d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fir ve g\u00f6zlerden gelen ipu\u00e7lar\u0131yla derinden ili\u015fkilidir. Bu fenomen \u00f6teki zihinlerin a\u00e7\u0131k ve kavramsal bir kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmez, aksine ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n duygusal ve zihinsel durumlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan tecr\u00fcbesine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette insanlar ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 dokunma hissi veya s\u00f6zl\u00fc ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli tarzlar yoluyla da anlarlar. Ancak g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 fiziksel temastan yoksun yak\u0131n mesafeli etkile\u015fimler s\u0131ras\u0131nda her zaman i\u00e7in paha bi\u00e7ilemez olmu\u015ftur. Evrimimizin ba\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6z ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ortak avc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6neme sahipti, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 ve av yakalamay\u0131 \u00fcmit eden gruplar i\u00e7in de ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok gerekliydi. Bug\u00fcn ise bu t\u00fcr ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 ister kalabal\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki isterse bir i\u015fle u\u011fra\u015fan d\u00fcnya ile belirgin bir \u015fekilde uyum sa\u011flamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyorlar. G\u00f6zler yoluyla ileti\u015fim kurmak, zihinlerine eri\u015fim sa\u011flayarak en iyi partnerleri belirlemek ve onlarla uyum i\u00e7erisinde olup birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. \u00d6teki zihinlere a\u00e7\u0131lan pencere olarak g\u00f6zler, insan\u0131n sosyal i\u015flevlerinin derin biyolojik k\u00f6kenlere sahip ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[94,93,210,234,691,64,209,233,92,207,208,745,80,81,693,692,746],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1801","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","hentry","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-gelisim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-development","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-developmental-psychology","event_publishing_tags-gelisimsel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-mind-reading","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-theory-of-mind","event_publishing_tags-zihin-kurami","event_publishing_tags-zihin-okuma","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1801","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1801\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1801"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1801"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1801"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}