{"id":1796,"date":"2020-06-03T15:00:26","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T15:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1796"},"modified":"2025-08-13T19:17:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T19:17:05","slug":"son-karar-mi-stephen-m-fleming","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/son-karar-mi-stephen-m-fleming\/","title":{"rendered":"Son Karar M\u0131? \u2014 Stephen M. Fleming"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcn Ad\u0131:\u00a0Final decision? Why the brain keeps on changing its mind<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen M. Flemming Metakognisyon Grubu\u2019nu y\u00f6netti\u011fi UCL\u2019deki Wellcome Trust N\u00f6rog\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme Merkezi\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Grubun ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, yeti\u015fkin insan beyninde bilin\u00e7li fark\u0131ndal\u0131k, metakognisyon ve karar almay\u0131 destekleyen mekanizmalara odaklan\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son karar m\u0131? Beyin neden s\u00fcrekli fikrini de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benjamin Franklin der ki: \u201cOlduk\u00e7a sert ve \u00e7etin \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fey vard\u0131r: \u00e7elik, elmas ve insan\u0131n kendini bilmesi[1].\u201d K\u0131s\u0131k bir sesin yerini saptamaktan tutun da yeni bir i\u015f se\u00e7imine kadar verdi\u011fimiz her karar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fcveniriz. E\u011fer bu karara o kadar da g\u00fcvenmiyorsak, muhtemelen karar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiririz. \u015eimdilerde, bilim insanlar\u0131 bu karar de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini kullanarak, i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fc hakk\u0131nda ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 toplamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar[2]. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re fikir de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 takip edebilmek i\u00e7in, hassas bir s\u00fcreci yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ne anlama geldi\u011fine ve fikir de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin bunun \u00fcst\u00fcnde nas\u0131l bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair iki yakla\u015f\u0131m var. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, fikir de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin sebebi; bir karara vard\u0131ktan sonra da delilleri tartmaya devam etmemiz. Bu s\u00fcrece \u2018karar sonras\u0131 delil birikmesi (post-decision evidence accumulation)\u2019 ad\u0131 veriliyor. Di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise, beynin bir karara var\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra da, ek mekanizmalarla birle\u015ferek, aktif olarak hatalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Beyinlerinin frontal b\u00f6lgeleri zarar g\u00f6ren insanlar kendilerini izlemekte (self-monitoring) ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hatalar\u0131 tespit etmekte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan ve her biri kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bilgisayar ekran\u0131nda ne g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerine dair bir karara varmalar\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen bir \u00e7ift \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizi (internal thoughts) nas\u0131l izledi\u011fimizi ve kendimizi do\u011frulaman\u0131n (self-correction) nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ayd\u0131nlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalardan birinde[3], Cambridge, Columbia ve New York \u00dcniversitelerinden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar; g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerden, bir grup yan\u0131p s\u00f6nen noktan\u0131n sa\u011fa m\u0131 yoksa sola m\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fine karar vermelerini ve ayn\u0131 anda bu kararlar\u0131na olan g\u00fcvenlerini bir kolu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131-yukar\u0131 hareket ettirerek g\u00f6stermelerini istediler. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kolu hareket ettirdikleri anda, ekrandaki noktalar yok oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kolu se\u00e7tikleri hedefe do\u011fru -yani sa\u011f \u00fcst, sa\u011f alt, sol \u00fcst, sol alt- hareket ettirdiler. Ancak bazen de hareketin ortas\u0131nda, kararlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kararlar\u0131na duyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcven seviyesini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler. Peki ne oluyordu? Bu davran\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerini bir bilgisayar modelinin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar fikirlerimizi t\u00fcmevar\u0131mla (bottom-up)[4] de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fimize dair kan\u0131t buldular. Noktalar ekranda g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyorken bile, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n sinir yollar\u0131nda (neural pipeline) bilgi biriktirmeye devam etmeleri; onlar\u0131n kararlar\u0131n\u0131 ve\/veya kararlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funa olan g\u00fcvenlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerine sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trinity Koleji ve Hollanda\u2019da yer alan Leiden \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden bir di\u011fer grup[5], bunun neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine dair farkl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirdiler: t\u00fcmdengelim (top-down) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, beyinlerindeki elektiriksel aktivitenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in elektroensefalografiye (EEG) ba\u011flanan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerden, bilgisayar ekran\u0131nda her bir renk ad\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, mesela \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131\u201d, d\u00fc\u011fmeye basmalar\u0131 isteniyor. Ancak, e\u011fer renk ad\u0131 daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcyse veya yazan renk ve kullan\u0131lan font rengi ayn\u0131ysa d\u00fc\u011fmeye basmamalar\u0131 gerekiyor (\u00f6rne\u011fin, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131\u201d kelimesi). H\u0131zla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi zorlu bu g\u00f6revdeki denemelerin y\u00fczde 43’\u00fcnde hata yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, kendilerini izlemelerinin (self monitoring) de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in, hata yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 fark ederlerse ba\u015fka bir butona bas\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ne mi buldu? Beynin, duyusal bilgileri birle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilinen parietal b\u00f6lgesinden gelen bir sinyalin, karar verildikten sonra belirgin bir seviyeye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlendi. Bu durum, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 alg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z mekanizman\u0131n i\u00e7imizde karar al\u0131rken de devreye girdi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, hata anlar\u0131nda da frontal kortekste teta dalgalar\u0131 g\u00f6zleniyor. Bu bulgu, frontal kortekste belli belirsiz bir hata sinyalinin karar de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye gerek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli delil toplamaya devam etmeyi tetikleyebilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma da karar verildikten sonra biriken delillerin \u00f6nemi konusunda hemfikir olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu delillerin kayna\u011f\u0131 konusunda ayr\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Cambridge grubuna g\u00f6re, gelen bir delil ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, bir se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce ve sonra s\u00fcrekli olarak birikmektedir. \u00d6te yandan Trinity Koleji grubu, karar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcmdengelen sinyallerin -\u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri etkilemek i\u00e7in geri beslenen bilgilerin- etkili oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, birbirleriyle mukayese edilebilmelerini bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlayabilir. Bu da bize gelecekteki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n daha belirgin sonu\u00e7lar elde etmeleri i\u00e7in iki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 birle\u015ftirmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Cambridge deneyine benzer deneylerde t\u00fcmevaran ve t\u00fcmdengelen etkilerin karar de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00fcst\u00fcndeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine k\u0131yasla g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in EEG kullanma fikri ilgi \u00e7ekici olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psikologlar uzun zamand\u0131r metakognisyonla -kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yetisi- ilgileniyorlar. Metakognisyonun n\u00f6ral temellerinin karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Ancak bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, basit karar vermenin iyi bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermekte. Franklin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 200 y\u0131l sonra art\u0131k biliyoruz ki, \u00e7elik ve elmas daha basit atomik ve molek\u00fcler yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor. Basit kararlar\u0131n mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, nihayet Franklin\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sert maddesinin, kendini bilmenin, bile\u015fenlerini de ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]- Buradaki \u2018kendini bilmek\u2019 ifadesi \u2018self knowledge\u2019 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcn metinde \u2018ki\u015finin kendi duygu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, inan\u00e7 ve zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini alg\u0131lamas\u0131 ve bunlara dair bir i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcye sahip olmas\u0131\u2019 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Buradaki kullan\u0131m, kendini bilmek ifadesinin sahip oldu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek bir mertebeye i\u015faret eden kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 okunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Al\u0131nt\u0131lanan c\u00fcmledeki mizah\u0131 koruyabilmek ad\u0131na \u2018i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fc\u2019 \u00e7evirisini uygun bulmad\u0131m. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda \u2018i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fc\u2019 ve \u2018kendini bilmek\u2019 ifadeleri ba\u011flama g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilerek \u2018self knowledge\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [\u00c7N]
[2]- https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/14790<\/a>
[3]- https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/12192<\/a>
[4]- \u2018T\u00fcmevar\u0131m\/t\u00fcmdengelim\u2019 ifadeleri \u00f6zg\u00fcn metindeki \u2018bottom-up\/top-down\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcmdengelen etki karar al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonraki bir geri besleme mekanizmas\u0131na i\u015faret ederken, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda karar an\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ve sonra s\u00fcrekli bir bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilir. [\u00c7N]
[5]- https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/11946<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1797,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[83,94,93,378,234,518,82,691,64,233,92,235,236,76,200,66,65,199,80,81,471,96],"kategori":[305],"class_list":["post-1796","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-decision-making","event_publishing_tags-karar-verme","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-neuroimaging","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norogoruntuleme","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-ceviri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1796\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1797"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1796"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}