{"id":1678,"date":"2021-03-08T15:00:05","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T15:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1678"},"modified":"2025-08-19T20:37:50","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T20:37:50","slug":"elizabeth-loftus-kognitif-vikimaraton","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/elizabeth-loftus-kognitif-vikimaraton\/","title":{"rendered":"Elizabeth Loftus \u2014 Kognitif VikiMaraton"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Bu d\u00f6k\u00fcman CogIST olarak, 8 Mart D\u00fcnya Kad\u0131nlar G\u00fcn\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Vikipedi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, kad\u0131n bili\u015fsel bilimcilere dair ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz katk\u0131lar\u0131n bir ar\u015fivi niteli\u011findedir. Vikipedi\u2019deki maddeler s\u0131kl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu katk\u0131lar\u0131n kendi pay\u0131m\u0131za d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belgelemek ve ar\u015fivlemek gere\u011fi duyduk. Bu maddeye <\/em>Vikipedi\u2019de<\/em><\/a> de eri\u015febilirsiniz. T\u00fcm Kognitif VikiMaraton detaylar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elizabeth F. Loftus<\/strong> FRSE<\/a> ( Elizabeth Fishman<\/strong> 16 Ekim 1944 do\u011fumlu) [1]<\/a>[2]<\/a>[3]<\/a> Amerikal\u0131 bili\u015fsel psikolog ve insan belle\u011fi konusunda uzmand\u0131r. \u0130nsan belle\u011finin \u015fekillendirilebilirli\u011fi \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Loftus en \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi etkisi, g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 belle\u011fi [4]<\/a> ve \u00e7ocukluktaki cinsel istismar\u0131n geri kazan\u0131lan an\u0131lar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere sahte an\u0131lar\u0131n<\/a> [5]<\/a> yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve do\u011fas\u0131 konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile bilinmektedir.[6]<\/a> Loftus, laboratuvar i\u00e7indeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yasal ortamlara uygulamakla da ilgilenmi\u015ftir; y\u00fczlerce dava i\u00e7in dan\u0131\u015fma ya da bilirki\u015fi tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/a> 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Loftus Genel Psikoloji \u0130ncelemesi\u2019nde<\/em> 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en etkili 100 psikolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 listesinde 58. s\u0131rada yer alarak listede en \u00fcst s\u0131rada yer alan kad\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fitim ve Hayat\u0131<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Elizabeth Fishman, Kaliforniya, Bel Air\u2019de Yahudi bir ailede b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a> Babas\u0131 Sidney Fishman bir doktor, annesi Rebecca Fishman ise bir k\u00fct\u00fcphaneciydi. Loftus 14 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken annesi bir kazada bo\u011fularak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elizabeth Fishman, 1966’da Los Angeles Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden<\/a> matematik ve psikoloji dallar\u0131nda lisans derecesini \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131 ile tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131n\u0131 1967’de ve doktora derecesini 1970’de matematiksel psikoloji alan\u0131nda Stanford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden<\/a> grubundaki tek kad\u0131n olarak alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Tezi \u201cBilgisayar Tabanl\u0131 Bir Teletipte Problem \u00c7\u00f6zme Zorlu\u011funu Belirleyen Yap\u0131sal De\u011fi\u015fkenlerin Analizi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1968’de Elizabeth Fishman, psikolog Geoffrey Loftus ile soyad\u0131n\u0131 alarak evlenmi\u015ftir.1991’de [7]<\/a>[10]<\/a> bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ancak arkada\u015f olarak kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir [12]<\/a>[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, ilk akademik atamas\u0131n\u0131 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York City\u2019deki New School for Social Research\u2019de alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Oradaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, uzun s\u00fcreli bellekte semantik bilginin<\/a> organizasyonuna odaklanmakla birlikte, Loftus \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden sosyal ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 kuvvetli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak istedi\u011fini fark etmi\u015ftir.[11]<\/a> Loftus, bu fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131smen, semantik bellek hakk\u0131ndaki bulgular\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve de\u011ferine k\u0131yasla ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n maliyetini sorgulayan bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmaya atfetmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanl\u0131\u015f Bilgi Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, 1973’te Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde<\/a> yard\u0131mc\u0131 do\u00e7ent olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve yeni pozisyonunu, belle\u011fin ger\u00e7ek ba\u011flamlarda nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yolunun[2]<\/a>[6]<\/a>[10]<\/a> ve g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifadelerinin<\/a> ampirik \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/a> Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri, g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 belle\u011finin bir olaydan sonra tan\u0131klara sa\u011flanan bilgilerle, \u00f6rne\u011fin y\u00f6nlendirici sorular\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla,[14]<\/a>, de\u011fi\u015ftirilip de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tasarlanan otomobil y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, an\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek olaylar\u0131n kesin olarak do\u011fru temsilleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, asl\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015f deneyimler ve di\u011fer manip\u00fclasyonlar kullan\u0131larak in\u015fa edildi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Loftus\u2019un bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ise, sorular\u0131n ifade edilme \u015feklinin kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n bildirdi\u011fi an\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.[4]<\/a> Loftus\u2019un bir sonraki ad\u0131m\u0131, y\u00f6nlendirici sorular sorman\u0131n veya ba\u015fka \u015fekillerde yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bilgi sa\u011flaman\u0131n, insanlar\u0131n orijinal olaya y\u00f6nelik belle\u011fini etkileyip etkilemeyece\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak olmu\u015ftur. Bu soruyu yan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in, bir olay hakk\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilere maruz kald\u0131ktan sonra g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi etkisi paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunu y\u00f6nlendirici sorular veya di\u011fer olay sonras\u0131 bilgi bi\u00e7imleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ve bu durumda bellek olduk\u00e7a \u015fekillendirilebilir ve \u00f6neriye a\u00e7\u0131k haldedir.[12]<\/a> Yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi etkisi, psikolojide en etkili ve yayg\u0131n olarak bilinen etkilerden biri haline gelmi\u015f ve Loftus\u2019un bu etkiyle ilgili erken d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, an\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu iyile\u015ftiren veya k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftiren fakt\u00f6rleri ve bu etkilerin alt\u0131nda yatan bili\u015fsel mekanizmalar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran y\u00fczlerce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ilham olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftus, \u00e7e\u015fitli davalarda g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 belle\u011finin do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda mahkemelere tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f ve tavsiyelerde bulunmu\u015ftur.[6]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[12]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n hukuk sistemine uygulanmas\u0131yla do\u011frudan ilgisi, Loftus\u2019un 1974’te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, psikoloji biliminden elde edilen bulgular ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili tan\u0131k an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlarda anahtar rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir cinayet davas\u0131ndaki tan\u0131k ifadesi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan bir makaleden do\u011fmaktad\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Makaleyi okuyan avukatlar, davalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kendisine dan\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Loftus ile temasa ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve yarg\u0131\u00e7lar g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda e\u011fitim seminerleri talep etmi\u015ftir, bu da Loftus\u2019un hukuk pratisyenleri e\u011fitmeni olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. 1975’te Loftus, Washington Eyaleti\u2019ne<\/a> g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 belle\u011fi hakk\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi konusunda) ilk bilirki\u015fi tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yasal bir emsal olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur<\/a>.[13]<\/a> O zamandan beri 250’den fazla davada ifade vermi\u015f ve daha pek \u00e7ok konuda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilirki\u015fili\u011fi nedeniyle dahil oldu\u011fu kayda de\u011fer davalar aras\u0131nda McMartin okul \u00f6ncesi davas\u0131, OJ Simpson, toplu katiller Ted Bundy<\/a>, Willie Mak ve Angelo Buono Jr.\u2019\u0131n davalar\u0131, Abscam davalar\u0131, Oliver North<\/a> davas\u0131, memurlar\u0131n Rodney King\u2019i<\/a> d\u00f6vmekle su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 dava, Harvey Weinstein davas\u0131,[15]<\/a> Menendez karde\u015flerin davas\u0131, Lahey\u2019deki Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a> davalar\u0131, Oklahoma\u2019n\u0131n bombalanmas\u0131<\/a> davas\u0131, Michael Jackson<\/a>, Martha Stewart<\/a>, Lewis Scooter \u201cLibby ve Duke \u00dcniversitesi Lacrosse ekibi ile ilgili davalar yer almaktad\u0131r.[6]<\/a>[7]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[12]<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990’lar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Loftus\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f olaylar i\u00e7in sahte an\u0131lar<\/a> yerle\u015ftirmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bu yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rma hatt\u0131n\u0131n itici g\u00fcc\u00fc, Loftus\u2019tan 1990’da bilirki\u015fi tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sunmas\u0131n\u0131n istendi\u011fi bir vakadan do\u011fmaktad\u0131r.[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a>[12]<\/a>[17]<\/a> Bu davadaki benzersiz olan nokta, George Franklin\u2019in cinayetle su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, aleyhine olan tek kan\u0131t\u0131n Franklin\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Eileen Franklin-Lipsker taraf\u0131ndan sunulmu\u015ftur; k\u0131z\u0131 Franklin\u2019in \u00e7ocukluk arkada\u015f\u0131 Susan Nason\u2019a 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nce tecav\u00fcz edip onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve kendisi an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak yak\u0131n zamanda terapi sonucu bu an\u0131lar\u0131 geri kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Loftus haf\u0131zan\u0131n \u015fekillendirilebilirli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda kan\u0131tlar vermi\u015f, ancak Franklin-Lipsker\u2019in sahip oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi belirli bellek t\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda herhangi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma bilmedi\u011fini de kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylecek Franklin mahkum edilmi\u015ftir (1996’da temyiz \u00fczerine serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O s\u0131ralarda, travma an\u0131lar\u0131na dayanarak hem mahkeme i\u00e7inde hem de mahkeme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda su\u00e7lamalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na rastlanmaktayd\u0131.[17]<\/a> Loftus, bu geri kazan\u0131lan an\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda baz\u0131 terapistler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nerisel teknikler sonucu yarat\u0131lan ve kimi ki\u015fisel geli\u015fim kitaplar\u0131nca da te\u015fvik edilen sahte an\u0131lar olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10]<\/a>[12]<\/a> Bunu test etmek \u00fczere etik sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rma kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ocukken bir akrabas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan cinsel istismara u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi bilgilerle ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu y\u00fczden Loftus kat\u0131l\u0131mcalara zarar vermeyecek bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7ocukluk travmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir paradigma bulmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada, \u00f6\u011frencisi Jim Coan , \u201cal\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezinde kay\u0131p\u201d tekni\u011fini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu teknik, bir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezinde \u00e7ocukken kaybolunuldu\u011funa dair sahte bir an\u0131y\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara yerle\u015ftirmeyi ve yanl\u0131\u015f bir olay\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n asla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f bir olay\u0131n \u201can\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u201d \u00fcretip \u00fcretemeyece\u011fini test etmeyi i\u00e7ermektedir. Loftus, ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, deneklerin % 25’inin asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f bir olay i\u00e7in \u201czengin sahte an\u0131\u201d [18]<\/a> olarak da bilinen an\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerini geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015ftir. \u201cAl\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezinde kay\u0131p\u201d tekni\u011finin uzant\u0131lar\u0131 ve varyasyonlar\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ortalama \u00fc\u00e7te birinin, \u00e7ocuklukta ger\u00e7ekten hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f durumlar\u0131- hatta son derece travmatik ve imkans\u0131z olaylar\u0131 \u2014 deneyimlediklerine ikna olabileceklerini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Loftus\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, mahkemede sa\u011flanan geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f an\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu t\u00fcr an\u0131lar\u0131n duru\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in daha kat\u0131 gereksinimlerin gerekti\u011fi ve do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131t i\u00e7in daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Ek olarak, baz\u0131 eyaletler art\u0131k geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f an\u0131 ifadesine dayal\u0131 kovu\u015fturmaya izin vermemekte olup belli sigorta \u015firketleri de terapistleri geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f an\u0131larla ilgili yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamalara kar\u015f\u0131 sigortalamak konusunda daha isteksiz hale gelmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla \u0130lgili Ele\u015ftiriler ve Taciz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Loftus\u2019un al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezinde kay\u0131p tekni\u011fini kullanan ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Lynn Crook ve Martha Dean taraf\u0131ndan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 al\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerinin etikselli\u011fine dayand\u0131r\u0131larak ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.[19]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca Kenneth Pope, sahte an\u0131lar ve terap\u00f6tik teknikler hakk\u0131nda sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in Loftus\u2019un bulgular\u0131 uygunsuz bir \u015fekilde genelledi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015ftir.[20]<\/a> Bu yazarlar, Loftus\u2019un ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndaki hatalar\u0131, abart\u0131lar\u0131 ve ihmalleri tespit ettikleri iddias\u0131nda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Loftus, bu ele\u015ftirmenlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctme yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f ve ele\u015ftirilerin, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ge\u00e7erli bir kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok ki\u015fisel d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n etikselli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik olarak ise Loftus, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n pilot a\u015famas\u0131na k\u0131z\u0131yla birlikte dahil olan ki\u015finin \u00f6ncelikle bir meslekta\u015f oldu\u011funu ve daha sonra verdi\u011fi bir lisans dersinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bu fikri yeniden de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Loftus kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonras\u0131 takibinde hi\u00e7bir yan etki g\u00f6stermediklerini belirtmi\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131n yinelenebilir olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[21]<\/a> Di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na ek olarak Loftus, bir savc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hakarete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, kendisini fark eden bir u\u00e7ak yolcusu taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,[7]<\/a>[12]<\/a> ayr\u0131ca nefret i\u00e7erikli posta ve \u00f6l\u00fcm tehditleri alm\u0131\u015f [22]<\/a> ve davet edildi\u011fi konu\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan korunmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10]<\/a> 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yeni Zelanda Psikoloji Derne\u011fi\u2019nin konferans\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapma daveti, olu\u015fumun bilimsel i\u015fler direkt\u00f6r\u00fc John Read\u2019i g\u00f6revinden istifa etmeye ve konferans kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Loftus\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiren materyalleri da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.[23]<\/a> Loftus buraya ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce uyar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kendisi \u201cen iyi ceketini u\u00e7an domateslerden korumak i\u00e7in giymedi\u011fini\u201d belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taciz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geri kazan\u0131lan an\u0131 teorisini ele\u015ftirdikten ve belle\u011fin do\u011fas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik cinsel istismar histerisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak yanl\u0131\u015f iddialara tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettikten sonra Loftus, Loftus\u2019un \u015feytani bir t\u00f6rensel istismar ile me\u015fgul oldu\u011funa inanan komplo teorisyeni<\/a> Diana Napolis taraf\u0131ndan sanal tacize maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir komplonun par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bu su\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6rtbas etmede yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cJane Doe\u201d Davas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Muhtemelen Loftus \u00fczerinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck olumsuz etkiye sahip olan vaka \u201cJane Doe\u201d (ger\u00e7ek ad\u0131 Nicole Taus) vakas\u0131d\u0131r. 1997’de, David Corwin ve meslekta\u015f\u0131 Erna Olafson, \u00e7ocukluktaki cinsel istismar\u0131n do\u011fru, geri kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f an\u0131s\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ger\u00e7ek bir olay\u0131n vaka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 [25]<\/a> yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[22]<\/a>[26]<\/a> Buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheci yakla\u015fan Loftus ve meslekta\u015f\u0131 Melvin Guyer ise daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmaya karar vermi\u015ftir. Halka a\u00e7\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131 kullanarak ve Taus ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ki\u015filerle r\u00f6portaj yaparak, Taus\u2019un istismara y\u00f6nelik an\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kuvvetle \u00f6nerdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve Corwin\u2019in orijinal makalesine eklemedi\u011fi bilgileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[10]<\/a>[12]<\/a> Loftus ve Guyer soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken Taus, Washington \u00dcniversitesi<\/a> ile temasa ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Loftus\u2019u mahremiyetini ihlal etmekle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[27]<\/a> Buna cevaben, \u00fcniversite Loftus\u2019un dosyalar\u0131na el koymu\u015f, Loftus\u2019u 21 ay boyunca soru\u015fturma alt\u0131na ald\u0131 ve bu s\u0131rada bulgular\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonunda \u00fcniversite taraf\u0131ndan, y\u00f6neltilen t\u00fcm su\u00e7lamalar\u0131ndan aklanm\u0131\u015f olup, bulgular\u0131n\u0131 [28]<\/a> [29]<\/a> 2002’de yay\u0131nlamas\u0131na izin verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Loftus, Washington \u00dcniversitesi ve birka\u00e7 taraf, 2002 tarihli yay\u0131nla ilgili olarak Taus taraf\u0131ndan dava edilmi\u015ftir .[10]<\/a>[26]<\/a> Dava ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mahremiyet ihlali, iftira<\/a>, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/a> ve manevi zarara neden olma iddialar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere toplamda 21 su\u00e7lama ve dava nedeni i\u00e7ermi\u015f olup; \u015eubat 2007’de Kaliforniya Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi, halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 mevzuat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 stratejik dava kapsam\u0131nda biri hari\u00e7 t\u00fcm su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir. Geriye kalan tek su\u00e7lama, Loftus\u2019un, Taus\u2019un \u00fcvey annesiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00f6portajda Corwin\u2019in s\u00fcperviz\u00f6r\u00fc olarak kendisini yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Dava, A\u011fustos 2007’de Loftus\u2019un sigorta \u015firketinin, kalan tek bir iddian\u0131n duru\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamak yerine 7.500 $ \u2018l\u0131k uzla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taus\u2019a, t\u00fcm san\u0131klar i\u00e7in 450.578.50 ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda yasal faturalar\u0131 \u00f6demesi emredilmi\u015ftir. Bu emir daha sonra temyiz edilmi\u015ftir. Loftus, 2009’da vakayla ilgili kendi analizini yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[28]<\/a>[29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonraki \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Loftus, Washington \u00dcniversitesinden<\/a> ve Seattle\u2019daki<\/a> 29 y\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 evinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sosyal ekoloji alan\u0131nda se\u00e7kin profes\u00f6r, hukuk profes\u00f6r\u00fc, bili\u015fsel bilimler profes\u00f6r\u00fc unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 bulundurdu\u011fu California \u00dcniversitesi, Irvine\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[30]<\/a>[31]<\/a> Loftus ayn\u0131 zamanda Psikoloji ve Hukuk Merkezi\u2019nin [32]<\/a> direkt\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u00d6\u011frenme ve Bellek N\u00f6robiyolojisi Merkezi\u2019nin bir \u00fcyesi haline gelmi\u015ftir.[33]<\/a> Loftus\u2019un UCI\u2019ye ge\u00e7i\u015finden sonra yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, sahte an\u0131lar\u0131n belirli yiyecekleri yeme arzusunu azaltma yetene\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, davran\u0131\u015fsal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na ve potansiyel faydalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a>[6]<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015far\u0131 ve \u00f6d\u00fcller<\/h1>\n\n\n\n