{"id":1674,"date":"2020-09-22T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1674"},"modified":"2025-08-13T20:35:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T20:35:06","slug":"kokteyl-partisi-etkisi-kognitif-vikimaraton","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/kokteyl-partisi-etkisi-kognitif-vikimaraton\/","title":{"rendered":"Kokteyl Partisi Etkisi \u2014 Kognitif VikiMaraton"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu d\u00f6k\u00fcman 2 Eyl\u00fcl 2020 \u2018de CogIST olarak Vikipedi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz katk\u0131lar\u0131n bir ar\u015fivi niteli\u011findedir. Vikipedideki maddeler s\u0131kl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu katk\u0131lar\u0131n kendi pay\u0131m\u0131za d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belgelemek ve ar\u015fivlemek gere\u011fi duyduk. Bu maddeye <\/em>Vikipedi\u2019de<\/em><\/a> de eri\u015febilirsiniz. T\u00fcm Kognitif VikiMaraton detaylar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kokteyl partisi etkisi; beynin, ki\u015finin i\u015fitsel dikkatini<\/a> belirli bir uyar\u0131c\u0131ya odaklay\u0131p (beyindeki se\u00e7ici dikkatin<\/a> bir t\u00fcr\u00fc) , di\u011fer bir dizi uyaran\u0131 filtreleyerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakma becerisini ifade eden kavramd\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc bir partiye kat\u0131lan bir ki\u015finin ortam g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yok sayarak tek bir sohbete odaklanabilmesi gibi. [1]<\/a> [2]<\/a> [3]<\/a> Dinleyiciler, hem farkl\u0131 uyaranlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 ak\u0131\u015flara ay\u0131rma hem de daha sonra hangi ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in en uygun oldu\u011funa karar verme yetene\u011fine sahiptir. [4]<\/a> Bu nedenle, ki\u015finin duyusal belle\u011finin<\/a> ki\u015fi fark\u0131nda olmadan t\u00fcm uyaranlar\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayr\u0131 bilgi par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmelerine g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [5]<\/a> Bu etki \u00e7o\u011fu insan\u0131n tek bir sesi izleyip, di\u011ferlerini g\u00f6rmezden gelmelerine izin veren mekanizmad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle, dikkat y\u00f6neltilmeyen uyaranda ge\u00e7en \u00f6nemli kelimelerin hemen tespit edilebilmesine, \u00f6rne\u011fin birinin bir g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc i\u00e7inde kendi ad\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fi zaman bunu fark etmesine, dair fenomenini tan\u0131mlar. [6]<\/a> [7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uyaranlar\u0131n bu \u015fekilde ayr\u0131lamamas\u0131, baz\u0131 izlenirken di\u011ferlerinin g\u00f6rmezden gelinmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 sorunu bazen kokteyl partisi problemi<\/strong> [8]<\/a> veya kokteyl partisi sa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/strong> . [9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/
Kalabal\u0131k bir kokteyl<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rolojik temel (ve binaural i\u015fleme)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Kokteyl partisi etkisine ili\u015fkin i\u015fitsel dikkat<\/a>, esas olarak \u00fcst temporal<\/a> girusun<\/a> sol yar\u0131mk\u00fcresinde<\/a> (birincil i\u015fitsel korteksin<\/a> oldu\u011fu yerde) meydana gelir; inferior frontal girus, superior parietal sulkus ve intraparietal sulkusu<\/a> i\u00e7eren bir fronto-parietal a\u011f ayn\u0131 zamanda dikkat de\u011fi\u015ftirme, dil i\u015fleme<\/a> ve dikkat kontrol\u00fc<\/a> eylemlerinden sorumludur. [1]<\/a> Hem hedef ak\u0131\u015f (ilgilenilen daha \u00f6nemli bilgi) hem de rekabet eden\/m\u00fcdahale eden ak\u0131\u015flar, sol yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flenir. Ancak fMRI<\/a> taramalar\u0131, hedef ak\u0131\u015flara rakip ak\u0131\u015flardan daha fazla dikkat verildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. [10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dahas\u0131, superior temporal girustaki (STG) hedef ak\u0131\u015fa y\u00f6nelik aktivitenin, di\u011fer uyar\u0131c\u0131 ak\u0131\u015flar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\/sekteye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u201cKokteyl partisi etkisi\u201d, yani g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki \u00f6nemli uyaranlar\u0131 tespit etme yetene\u011fi, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201ckokteyl partisi problemi\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc se\u00e7ici dikkat<\/a> kabiliyetimiz, bir yandan da n\u00f6rolojik<\/a> d\u00fczeyde dikkatin etkinli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. [10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kokteyl partisi etkisi, binaural<\/a> efekt olarak bilinen, iki kulakla i\u015fitilmesi durumunda en iyi sonucu verir. Tek bir kula\u011f\u0131 duyan insanlar, iki kula\u011f\u0131 duyan insanlara g\u00f6re g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcden \u00e7ok daha fazla etkileniyorlar. [11]<\/a> \u0130ki kulak kullanman\u0131n yarar\u0131, k\u0131smen ses kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n lokalizasyonu ile ilgili olabilir. \u0130\u015fitme sistemi, ayn\u0131 anda en az iki ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini belirleyebilir ve su seslerin karakteristiklerini do\u011fru olarak saptayabilir. Bir ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini tespit eder etmez, bu ses kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sinyallerini, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcy\u00fc olu\u015fturan ses kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karabilir. [12]<\/a> Ancak, binaural olman\u0131n esas avantaj\u0131 di\u011fer iki s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: daha iyi kulakla dinleme ve binaural \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131msama<\/a> (unmasking). Daha iyi kulakla dinleme, kulaklar aras\u0131ndaki farktan yararlanarak, gelen sinyalin g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcye oran\u0131ndan daha iyi faydalanmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir[13]<\/a>. Binaural \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131msama ise, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inden di\u011fer sesleri \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in iki kulaktan gelen sinyallerin kombinasyonunu kullanma s\u00fcrecidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1950’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, dikkat ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu hava trafik kontrol\u00f6rlerinin<\/a> kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlara dayan\u0131r. O s\u0131rada kontrol\u00f6rler, kontrol kulesindeki hoparl\u00f6rler<\/a> \u00fczerinden pilotlardan<\/a> mesajlar al\u0131rd\u0131. Tek bir hoparl\u00f6r \u00fczerinden bir\u00e7ok pilotun kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f seslerini duymak, kontrol\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00f6revini \u00e7ok zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. [14]<\/a> Koktely partisi etkisi, ilk olarak 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Colin Cherry<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u201ckokteyl partisi problemi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [8]<\/a> Cherry, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 mesaj\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda tek bir hoparl\u00f6rden dinledikleri ve onlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 dikkat deneyleri yapm\u0131\u015f; bu daha sonra dikotik dinleme<\/a> olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [15]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, sesleri arka plan g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcnden ay\u0131rma yetene\u011finin; konu\u015fmac\u0131n\u0131n cinsiyeti, sesin geldi\u011fi y\u00f6n, ses y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve konu\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenden etkilendi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cherry, insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc i\u00e7inde bir mesaja nas\u0131l odakland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 daha detayl\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in konu\u015fma kopyalama (speech shadowing) g\u00f6revini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Kopyalama g\u00f6revinde kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, her kula\u011fa farkl\u0131 bir mesaj g\u00f6nderen \u00f6zel bir kulakl\u0131k takarlar. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131dan, belirli bir kulakta (kanal) duyulan mesaj\u0131 y\u00fcksek sesle tekrar etmesi istenir. [15]<\/a> Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kendi adlar\u0131n\u0131 kopyalamad\u0131klar\u0131 kanaldan gelse bile fark edebildikleri ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. [16]<\/a> Daha sonra, Cherry\u2019nin kopyalama deneyini 1959’da kullanan Neville Moray<\/a>, \u00f6znel olarak \u201c\u00f6nemli\u201d mesajlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, dikkat verilmeyen kanaldaki mesajlar\u0131n alg\u0131lanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha g\u00fcncel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Se\u00e7ici dikkat<\/a> her ya\u015fta kendini g\u00f6sterir. Bebekler, ebeveynlerinin sesleri gibi kendilerine tan\u0131d\u0131k gelen bir ses duyduklar\u0131nda o y\u00f6ne ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirirler. [17]<\/a> Bu, bebeklerin \u00e7evrelerindeki belirli uyaranlarla se\u00e7erek ilgilendiklerini g\u00f6sterir. Dahas\u0131, se\u00e7ici dikkat \u00fcst\u00fcne yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar; bebeklerin yeti\u015fkin bir ses tonuna g\u00f6re \u201cbebek\u201d konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tercih ettiklerini g\u00f6stermektedir. [15]<\/a> Yani, bebekler konu\u015fma tonundaki fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri fark edebilirler. Ancak, arka plan g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ses tonu gibi fiziksel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 saptamadaki do\u011fruluk zamanla artar. Bebekler, uyaranlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geliyor olabilir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc isimleri tan\u0131d\u0131k gelse de bu kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta onlar i\u00e7in daha fazla bir anlam ifade etmez. \u00d6te yandan, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar daha muhtemel senaryonun; bebeklerin dikkat da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 sesin ortas\u0131nda kendilerine s\u00f6ylenen kelimenin kendi adlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle yan\u0131t vermedikleri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. [18]<\/a> \u00d6nemsenmeyen uyaranlar\u0131 filtreleme yetene\u011fi gen\u00e7 yeti\u015fkinlikte en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131r. Arka plandaki g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc \u00f6znel olarak \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fclen mesajlar i\u00e7eriyorsa; ya\u015fl\u0131lar, gen\u00e7 yeti\u015fkinlere k\u0131yasla tek bir sohbete odaklanmakta daha fazla zorlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7eken baz\u0131 mesaj \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda ki\u015fisel isimler ve tabu olan kelimeler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ki\u015filerin kendi isimlerine se\u00e7ici dikkat g\u00f6sterme yetene\u011fi; 5 ayl\u0131k kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bebeklerde bile g\u00f6zlenip, 13 ayl\u0131kken tamamen geli\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. [19]<\/a> Bu alandaki bir\u00e7ok uzmanla birlikte Anne Treisman<\/a>, insanlar\u0131n isimler gibi \u00f6znel \u00f6neme sahip kelimeleri tespit etmeye g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu fikrini, ki\u015filerin bu kelimeleri fark etmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer kelimelere g\u00f6re daha az alg\u0131sal bilgiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyabileceklerini s\u00f6yleyerek a\u00e7\u0131klar. [20]<\/a> Dikkat y\u00f6neltilmeyen kanaldayken bile bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde anla\u015f\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka uyaransa tabu kelimelerdir. [21]<\/a> \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu insan\u0131 uyaran m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eriklere sahip olan bu kelimeler, genellikle kopyalama g\u00f6revini sekteye u\u011frat\u0131rlar. [22]<\/a> Tabu kelimeler, bir dil anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geni\u015f bir kelime da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 edindikleri \u00e7a\u011fa kadar \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n se\u00e7ici dikkatini etkilemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a se\u00e7ici dikkat dalgalanmaya ba\u015flar. Daha ya\u015fl\u0131 olan yeti\u015fkinler, konu\u015fma ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt etmede daha uzun gecikme s\u00fcrelerine sahiptir. Bu, tipik olarak, genel bili\u015fsel yetene\u011fin ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla birlikte (haf\u0131za, g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131, y\u00fcksek d\u00fczey i\u015fleyi\u015f vb.) azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle ili\u015fkilendirilir. [1]<\/a> [4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha da yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara bakacak olursak, kokteyl partisi problemini incelemek i\u00e7in modern sinirbilim<\/a> teknikleri uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapan baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda; elektrokortikografi<\/a> kullanan Edward Chang, Nima Mesgarani, Charles Schroeder; manyetoensefalografi kullanan Jonathan Simon, Mounya Elhilali, Adrian KC Lee, Shihab Shamma, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham ve Jyrki Ahveninen; Elektroensefalografi<\/a> kullanan Jyrki Ahveninen, Edmund Lalor ve Barbara Shinn-Cunningham ; ve Jyrki Ahveninen ve Lee M. Miller fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme<\/a> kullanarak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dikkat modelleri<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bize ula\u015fan t\u00fcm bilgileri i\u015fleyemeyiz. Teoride, neye dikkat edilece\u011finin se\u00e7imi belli bir kurala g\u00f6re veya rastgele olabilir. [23]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin, s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler olay yerinde bulunan di\u011fer uyaranlardan ziyade trafik \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131na odaklanabilir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda, sunulan uyaranlar\u0131n hangi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funun se\u00e7ilmesi zorunludur. Psikolojideki temel bir soru, bu se\u00e7imin ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fidir. [15]<\/a> Bu sorun, erken mi ge\u00e7 mi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na evrilmi\u015ftir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temeli, Cherry\u2019nin dikotik dinleme<\/a> deneylerinde bulunabilir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, takip etmedikleri kanalda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen; konu\u015fmac\u0131n\u0131n cinsiyetinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi, ses y\u00fcksekli\u011fi gibi fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kendi isimleri gibi uyaranlar\u0131 da fark edebildiler. Bu g\u00f6zlem, takip edilmeyen mesaj\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131n, onu se\u00e7meden \u00f6nce mi sonra m\u0131 i\u015flendi\u011fi sorusunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceki se\u00e7ici dikkat modeline g\u00f6re, se\u00e7im ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce \u00e7ok az bilgi i\u015flendi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Daha yeni se\u00e7ici dikkat modellerine g\u00f6re, semantik gibi bilgilerin de se\u00e7im ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce i\u015flendi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Broadbent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erken se\u00e7ici dikkat mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmeye dair en eski \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, filtre modeli<\/em> olarak bilinen bir teori \u00f6ne s\u00fcren Donald Broadbent<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu model, dikotik dinleme<\/a> testi kullan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n aktif olarak takip ettikleri kanaldaki bilgileri hat\u0131rlama konusunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131, ancak takip etmedikleri kanaldaki bilgileri hat\u0131rlama konusunda \u00e7ok daha ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Bu da Broadbent\u2019i beyinde ilgilenmeyi se\u00e7medi\u011fimiz bilgileri bloke edebilecek bir \u201cfiltre\u201d mekanizmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Filtre modelinin \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: bilgi beyne duyu organlar\u0131 (bu durumda kulaklar) yoluyla girdikten sonra, ona dikkat etmemize yetecek bir s\u00fcre boyunca bir tampon bellek sistemi olan duyusal bellekte<\/a> depolan\u0131r. [15]<\/a> Bilgi daha fazla i\u015flenmeden \u00f6nce, filtre mekanizmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca se\u00e7ilen bilginin ge\u00e7mesine izin verir. Se\u00e7ilen bilgiler daha sonra, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bellekle<\/a> ili\u015fkili olan ve uzun s\u00fcreli bellekle<\/a> ileti\u015fim kuran \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma belle\u011fine<\/a> aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bu modelde i\u015fitsel bilgilerin se\u00e7ilmesi veya takip edilmemesi, konum ve \u015fiddet gibi fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. [24]<\/a> [25]<\/a> Baz\u0131 ki\u015filer, bunun s\u00fcreklilik ve kapal\u0131l\u0131k dahil Gestalt<\/a> \u00f6zellikleri temelinde ele al\u0131nabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. [26]<\/a> Broadbent i\u00e7in bu, insanlar\u0131n bir seferde yaln\u0131zca bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemeyi se\u00e7erken di\u011ferlerini d\u0131\u015flama mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Broadbent\u2019in modeli; anlamsal \u00f6neme sahip kelimelerin, \u00f6rne\u011fin bireyin kendi isminin, takip edilmeyen bir kanalda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen an\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekmesi g\u00f6zlemini a\u00e7\u0131klayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Broadbent\u2019in deneylerinden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Oxford lisans \u00f6\u011frencileri Gray ve Wedderburn, kelimelerin kulaklara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi yerine, anlaml\u0131 ifadeler \u00fcreten tek heceli kelimeler kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir dikotik dinleme deneyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. [27]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cDear, one, Jane\u201d kelimeleri bazen s\u0131rayla sa\u011f kula\u011fa sunulurken, \u201cthree, Aunt, six\u201d kelimeleri sol kula\u011fa e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak sunuldu. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu say\u0131lar\u0131 hat\u0131rlamaktansa \u201cDear Aunt Jane\u201d ifadesini hat\u0131rlad\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca, say\u0131lar\u0131 sunulduklar\u0131 s\u0131rayla hat\u0131rlamaktansa kelime \u00f6be\u011findeki kelimeleri s\u0131ralar\u0131yla hat\u0131rlama oranlar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksekti. Bu bulgu, Broadbent\u2019in tam filtreleme teorisine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc filtre mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n kanallar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yapmak i\u00e7in zaman\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu da, anlam\u0131n filtrelemeden \u00f6nce i\u015fleniyor olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Treisman<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonra bu mevcut se\u00e7ici dikkat (dikkat kontrol\u00fc) teorisine ek olarak, Anne Treisman<\/a> <i id=\u201dmwog\u201d>zay\u0131flama modelini<\/i> geli\u015ftirdi. [28]<\/a> Bu modelde bilgi, bir filtre mekanizmas\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla i\u015flendi\u011finde, Broadbent\u2019in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi tamamen engellenmez. Bunun yerine, zay\u0131flat\u0131l\u0131r ve bilin\u00e7siz bir d\u00fczeyde t\u00fcm a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek i\u015flenir. Treisman ayr\u0131ca, anlamsal \u00f6nemine g\u00f6re baz\u0131 kelimelerin takip edilmeyen kanalda da dikkat \u00e7ekebilece\u011fi bir e\u015fik mekanizmas\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Ona g\u00f6re ki\u015finin kendi ad\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir e\u015fik de\u011ferine (yani y\u00fcksek bir anlama) sahiptir. Bu nedenle daha kolay tan\u0131n\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ilke, aciliyet belirten durumlara dair ate\u015f<\/em> gibi kelimeler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Treisman, bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin tek yolunun, bilginin takip edilmeyen ak\u0131\u015fta s\u00fcrekli olarak i\u015fleniyor olmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deutsch ve Deutsch<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fczik alg\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015fitsel il\u00fczyonlar alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan Diana Deutsch, dikkat modellerine de \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundu. Deutsch & Deutsch [29]<\/a> ve Norman [30]<\/a>, anlamsal \u00f6neme g\u00f6re kelimelerin nas\u0131l se\u00e7ilebilece\u011fini daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, anlama dayal\u0131 ikinci bir se\u00e7im mekanizmas\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir dikkat modeli \u00f6nerdiler. Deutsch-Norman modeli olarak bilinen modelde, takip edilmeyen ak\u0131\u015ftaki bilgiler, Treisman modelinin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan belle\u011fe kadar i\u015flenmez. Bunun yerine, \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc tan\u0131madan sonra ikincil bir filtreden ge\u00e7irilir. \u0130kincil filtre taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nemsiz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma belle\u011fine girmesi engellenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kahneman<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daniel Kahneman<\/a> de farkl\u0131 bir dikkat modeli \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Bu model, dikkati se\u00e7im a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, kapasite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlamas\u0131yla \u00f6nceki modellerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Kahneman i\u00e7in dikkat, \u00e7e\u015fitli uyaranlar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecek bir kaynakt\u0131r. [31]<\/a> Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ba\u015fka ki\u015filerce de desteklenmi\u015ftir. [7]<\/a> [32]<\/a> [33]<\/a> Bu model dikkatin ne zaman<\/em> odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, nas\u0131l<\/em> odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Kahneman\u2019a g\u00f6re dikkat genellikle uyar\u0131lma ile belirlenir. Yerkes-Dodson yasas\u0131<\/a>, uyar\u0131lman\u0131n orta seviyelerde ideal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Yani ki\u015fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 veya az uyar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda performans zay\u0131flayacakt\u0131r. Narayan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, arka plan sesleri \u00e7ok fazla ve karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funda, i\u015fitsel uyaranlar\u0131 ay\u0131rt etme becerisinde keskin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uyar\u0131lman\u0131n dikkat \u00fcst\u00fcndeki olumsuz etkisinin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, uyar\u0131lma mevcut dikkat kapasitemizi belirler. Ard\u0131ndan, mevcut dikkatimizi \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131 faaliyetler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in bir payla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131<\/em> hareket eder. En \u00e7ok dikkat, payla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131na g\u00f6re en \u00f6nemli say\u0131lanlara g\u00f6sterilecektir. Payla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131, kal\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filimlerden<\/em> ve anl\u0131k niyetlerden<\/em> etkilenir. Odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir dikkat gerektiren anl\u0131k niyetler<\/em>, kal\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filimlere<\/em> g\u00f6re daha fazla dikkat kayna\u011f\u0131 gerektirir. [34]<\/a> Ek olarak, dikkat kapasitesi ile ilgili s\u00fcrekli devam eden bir de\u011ferlendirme vard\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle, fazla dikkat kayna\u011f\u0131 gerektiren faliyetler, dikkat kapasitesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek ve payla\u015f\u0131m politikas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecektir. Bu durumda, e\u011fer bir faaliyet dikkat kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla t\u00fcketiyorsa, payla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 muhtemelen kaynaklar\u0131 ona y\u00f6nlendirmeyi b\u0131rakacak ve bunun yerine daha az maliyetli g\u00f6revlere odaklanacakt\u0131r. Kahneman\u2019\u0131n modeli, kokteyl partisi olgusunu, anl\u0131k niyetlerin<\/em> belirli bir i\u015fitsel uyarana odaklanmas\u0131na izin verebilece\u011fini; ancak kal\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filimlerin<\/em> (bunlar anlamsal \u00f6neme sahip kelimeleri i\u00e7erebilir) dikkatimizi \u00e7ekebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek a\u00e7\u0131klar. Kahneman\u2019\u0131n modelinin se\u00e7im modelleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmedi\u011fini ve onlar\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini belirtmek \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rsel ba\u011flant\u0131lar<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, kokteyl etkisinin sadece i\u015fitsel bir fenomen olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel bilgiler i\u00e7in de etkili olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Shapiro ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6rsel bir testle takip edilmeyen bir durumda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara kendi isimleri g\u00f6sterildi\u011finde bunu kolayca fark ettikletini g\u00f6zlemlediler. [35]<\/a> Treisman veya Deutsch-Norman modelleri gibi ge\u00e7 dikkat kontrol\u00fcne uygun bir model benimseyerek, erken se\u00e7imin b\u00f6yle bir fenomeni a\u00e7\u0131klamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvanlarda etkisi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Koro halinde ileti\u015fim kuran kurba\u011falar ve b\u00f6cekler, akustik ileti\u015fim kuran \u00f6t\u00fcc\u00fc ku\u015flar; ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla sinyale maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan kokteyl partisi etkisini ya\u015fayabilir. \u0130nsanlardaki gibi, ses hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7evrelerindeki \u00f6nemli \u015feyleri (\u00f6rn. e\u015fler, tehditler, vb.) dinlemelerine izin verir. Baz\u0131 k\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7lar ve kral penguenler<\/a> i\u00e7in sesli ileti\u015fim, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc ortamlarda ebeveyn ve yavrular\u0131n birbirlerini tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Di\u015fi kurba\u011falar erkeklerin \u00e7iftle\u015fme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dinleyip ay\u0131rt edebilirken, erkekler di\u011fer erkeklerin sald\u0131rganl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na fark edebilirler. [36]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. ^<\/strong>\u00a0a<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0b<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0c<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Getzmann (2016). \u201cSwitching of auditory attention in \u201ccocktail-party\u201d listening: ERP evidence of cueing effects in younger and older adults\u201d.\u00a0Brain and Cognition<\/em>.\u00a0111<\/strong>: 1\u201312.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.09.006<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a027814564<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. ^<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Bronkhorst, Adelbert W. (2000).\u00a0\u201cThe Cocktail Party Phenomenon: A Review on Speech Intelligibility in Multiple-Talker Conditions\u201d<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Acta Acustica United with Acustica<\/em>.\u00a086<\/strong>: 117\u2013128. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 18 Nisan 2010.[\u00f6l\u00fc\/k\u0131r\u0131k ba\u011flant\u0131<\/em><\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. ^<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G. (2008).\u00a0\u201cObject-based auditory and visual attention\u201d<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0Trends in Cognitive Sciences<\/em>.\u00a012<\/strong>\u00a0(5): 182\u2013186.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1016\/j.tics.2008.02.003<\/a>.\u00a0PMC<\/a>\u00a02699558<\/a>\u00a0$2.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a018396091<\/a>. 23 Eyl\u00fcl 2015 tarihinde\u00a0kayna\u011f\u0131ndan<\/a>\u00a0(PDF) ar\u015fivlendi. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 20 Haziran 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
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  6. ^<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u201cThe cocktail party phenomenon revisited: how frequent are attention shifts to one\u2019s name in an irrelevant auditory channel?\u201d.\u00a0J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn<\/em>.\u00a021<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 255\u201360. Ocak 1995.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1037\/0278\u20137393.21.1.255<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a07876773<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. ^<\/strong>\u00a0a<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0b<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u201cThe cocktail party phenomenon revisited: the importance of working memory capacity\u201d.\u00a0Psychon Bull Rev<\/em>.\u00a08<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 331\u20135. Haziran 2001.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.3758\/BF03196169<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a011495122<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. ^<\/strong>\u00a0a<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0b<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Cherry (1953).\u00a0\u201cSome Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears\u201d<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America<\/em>.\u00a025<\/strong>\u00a0(5): 975\u201379.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1121\/1.1907229<\/a>.\u00a0ISSN<\/a>\u00a00001\u20134966<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
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  36. ^<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Bee (2008).\u00a0\u201cThe cocktail party problem: What is it? How can it be solved? And why should animal behaviorists study it?\u201d<\/a>.\u00a0Journal of Comparative Psychology<\/em>\u00a0(\u0130ngilizce).\u00a0122<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 235\u2013251.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1037\/0735\u20137036.122.3.235<\/a>.\u00a0ISSN<\/a>\u00a01939\u20132087<\/a>.\u00a0PMC<\/a>\u00a02692487<\/a>\u00a0$2.\u00a0PMID<\/a>\u00a018729652<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1664,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[245,810,83,94,93,234,82,691,64,233,92,809,76,244,80,81,96],"kategori":[302],"class_list":["post-1674","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-algi","event_publishing_tags-auditory-perception","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilis","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognition","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-psychology","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-isitsel-algi","event_publishing_tags-mind","event_publishing_tags-perception","event_publishing_tags-psikoloji","event_publishing_tags-psychology","event_publishing_tags-zihin","kategori-vikimaraton"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1674\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1674"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}