{"id":1673,"date":"2020-09-22T15:00:03","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T15:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1673"},"modified":"2025-08-13T20:37:26","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T20:37:26","slug":"norokonstruktivizm-kognitif-vikimaraton","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/norokonstruktivizm-kognitif-vikimaraton\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm\u00a0\u2014 Kognitif VikiMaraton"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu d\u00f6k\u00fcman 2 Eyl\u00fcl 2020 \u2018de CogIST olarak Vikipedi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz katk\u0131lar\u0131n bir ar\u015fivi niteli\u011findedir. Vikipedideki maddeler s\u0131kl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu katk\u0131lar\u0131n kendi pay\u0131m\u0131za d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belgelemek ve ar\u015fivlemek gere\u011fi duyduk. Bu maddeye <\/em>Vikipedi\u2019de <\/em><\/a>de eri\u015febilirsiniz. T\u00fcm Kognitif VikiMaraton detaylar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, gen-gen etkile\u015fiminin, gen-\u00e7evre etkile\u015fiminin ve en \u00f6nemlisi beynin kendini a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ontogeni ile nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klayan ve geli\u015fimsel zaman i\u00e7inde kademeli olarak nas\u0131l uzmanla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir beyin ve zihin geli\u015fimi teorisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Annette Karmiloff-Smith gibi n\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm savunucular\u0131, beynin do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen sinirsel yap\u0131lardan veya evrimsel olarak yerle\u015fmi\u015f farkl\u0131 (distinct) i\u015flevleri olan birimlerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ifade eden \u201cakl\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen birimselli\u011fi\u201d (innate modularity of the mind) fikrine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kal\u0131tsal alana (innate domain) ba\u011fl\u0131 geli\u015fimin yerine \u00f6\u011frenmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olma ve dikkat y\u00f6nlendirme gibi e\u011filimlere vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla birim benzeri bu yap\u0131lar hem deneyimlerin hem de bu do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen e\u011filimlerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu sebeple n\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm Jerry Fodor\u2019un \u201cpsikolojikyerlilik\u201d (psychological nativism) ile Jean Piaget\u2019nin bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim kuram\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fim vs. do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen mod\u00fclerlik<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, beynin do\u011fu\u015ftan mod\u00fclerli\u011fini savunan psikologlara kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan bir \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctme olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. [1] [2] Beynin mod\u00fclerli\u011fi, belirli bir sinir sisteminin kortikal mikro devresi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f bir sinaptik ba\u011flant\u0131 modeli gerektirir. [3] Bunun yerine Annette Karmiloff-Smith, beynin mikro ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kademeli ontogenetik geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. [3] [4] [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyindeki hasar\u0131n boyutunu de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rev, altta yatan nedenleri \u00f6l\u00e7mez bunun yerine yaln\u0131zca karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin statik son durumunu g\u00f6sterir. [6] Bu normal test puanlar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katman\u0131n alternatif bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, bireyin normalde b\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmayan di\u011fer beyin b\u00f6lgelerini kullanarak telafi etme becerisidir. [3] Bu t\u00fcr bir telafi yaln\u0131zca geli\u015fimsel n\u00f6roplastisiteden ve \u00e7evre ile beyin i\u015flevi aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimden kaynaklanabilir. (Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: A. Karmiloff-Smith\u2019in Williams sendromu ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, psikolojide \u00e7ift ayr\u0131\u015fma testi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beynin i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 i\u015flevler, geli\u015fim yoluyla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f ba\u011flanabilirlik modellerine sahip olmak yerine, n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc, yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve y\u00f6neliminde, n\u00f6rotransmiterlerde, ate\u015fleme e\u015fiklerinde, miyelinasyon oran\u0131nda, laminasyonda, gri maddenin beyaz maddeye oranlar\u0131nda, n\u00f6ronlarda veya beyin b\u00f6lgelerinde belirli fonksiyonlar\u0131 yerine getirmede farkl\u0131la\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7an k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00f6lgesel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. [7] [8] \u00d6rne\u011fin, ventral ve dorsal ak\u0131mlar sadece n\u00f6ronlar\u0131n i\u015flem h\u0131z\u0131ndaki do\u011fu\u015ftan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ilgili n\u00f6ronlar taraf\u0131ndan ventral ya da dorsal olmak i\u00e7in do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen bir se\u00e7im de\u011fildir. [7] B\u00f6ylesi bir farkl\u0131la\u015fma geli\u015fime dair alanla ilgili\/alan-temelli (domain-relevant approach) yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak temellendirilmi\u015ftir [7] [8] [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, \u00f6nceki alan genel ve alana \u00f6zg\u00fc (domain-general & domain-specific approach) yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla \u00e7eli\u015fir. Alan genel (domain-general) \u00e7er\u00e7evede, bili\u015fsel i\u015flevlerdeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, t\u00fcm beyindeki n\u00f6ronlardaki kapsaml\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klara atfedilir. Aksine, alana \u00f6zg\u00fc (domain-specific) yakla\u015f\u0131m, bir ki\u015finin geli\u015fimini do\u011frudan kontrol eden genler i\u00e7inde i\u00e7sel, belirli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 savunur. Alan-\u00f6zg\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc elimine edemese de, [9] n\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm bunun yerine de\u011fi\u015fime ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lara odaklanan geli\u015fimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sunar. [9] Bu t\u00fcr bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, yeti\u015fkin beyinlerinde alana \u00f6zg\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe yol a\u00e7ar, ancak n\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, \u00f6zg\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anahtar bile\u015feninin alan genel ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bdurumundan meydana geldi\u011fini savunur. [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fimin her y\u00f6n\u00fc dinamik ve etkile\u015fimlidir. [9] \u0130nsan zekas\u0131, DNA yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki do\u011fal farkl\u0131l\u0131klardan ziyade beynin esnekli\u011fine ve \u00e7evre ile etkile\u015fimlerine odaklan\u0131larak daha do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanabilir. Williams sendromunda veya otizmde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ayr\u0131\u015fmalar, sinirbilimcilere farkl\u0131 geli\u015fimsel y\u00f6r\u00fcngeleri (developmental trajectories) ke\u015ffetme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar. [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Annette Karmiloff-Smith<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Annette Karmiloff-Smith (1938\u20132016) Londra \u00dcniversitesi Birkbeck Geli\u015fimsel N\u00f6robili\u015f Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019nda profes\u00f6rl\u00fck yapan ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisi. Birbeck\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce, Londra \u00dcniversite Koleji \u00c7ocuk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde N\u00f6robili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Birimi Ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131. Geli\u015fimsel bozukluklarda uzmand\u0131r. William Sendromu konusu \u00f6zel ilgi alan\u0131d\u0131r. Profes\u00f6r Karmiloff-Smith, geli\u015fimsel bozukluklara modaliteye \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimseyen [10] yakla\u015f\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131- \u00f6rne\u011fin, otizmin \u201czihin teorisi\u201d mod\u00fcl\u00fcndeki bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan [11] veya bu t\u00fcr \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n belirli dil bozuklu\u011fu olanlar\u0131nda genetik olarak belirlenmi\u015f bir \u201cdil mod\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d vard\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karmiloff-Smith [10], bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n bili\u015fsel geli\u015fime \u201cmozaik benzeri\u201d bir yakla\u015f\u0131m varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131- buna g\u00f6re beyindeki farkl\u0131 sistemlerin tamamen genlerde kodlanm\u0131\u015f bilgilere dayanarak, birbirinden ayr\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fini savundu. Geli\u015fimin ger\u00e7ek resminin \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu iddia etti (ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: Etkile\u015fimli Uzmanla\u015fma (Interactive specialization)). Geli\u015fim, gen, beyin, davran\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki geri yay\u0131lan etkile\u015fimlerin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; [13] Karmiloff-Smith\u2019in teorisine g\u00f6re \u201cmod\u00fcller\u201d benzeri olu\u015fumlar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, dil i\u015fleme konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f beynin b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri) geli\u015fimde nispeten ge\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. [4] Geli\u015fimsel bozukluklar, geli\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki sorunlardan (olgun bir sisteme verilen hasar\u0131n aksine) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, belirli bir alanla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmayan, bunun yerine bir dizi farkl\u0131 performans bozuklu\u011funa yay\u0131lan performans a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 bulmay\u0131 beklememiz gerekti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karmiloff-Smith, Williams sendromu \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla teorilerini destekledi. Bu nadir sendromun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kendisini anormal derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck IQ ve sosyal ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cnormal\u201d i\u015fleme yetene\u011fi ile g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Karmiloff-Smith ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131 [14] Williams sendromundaki bozukluklar\u0131n daha \u00f6nce belirlenenden \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffettiler. Teorileri di\u011fer alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla daha da desteklendi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, otistik \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sadece Zihin Teorisi\u2019nde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda hareket alg\u0131lama, g\u00f6rsel arama ve \u00e7oklu g\u00f6rev gibi [15] \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlerde de alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bozuldu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftur, bu, alana \u00f6zg\u00fc teorilerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir bulgudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karmiloff-Smith, 1992’de Mod\u00fclerli\u011fin \u00d6tesinde (Beyond Modularity)<\/em> [4] ve 1996’da Jeffrey Elman, Mark Johnson, Elizabeth Bates, Domenico Parisi ve Kim Plunkett ile Do\u011fu\u015ftanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeniden D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek (Rethinking Innateness<\/em>) [16] gibi konu \u00fczerinde bir dizi kitap ve akademik makale yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011flama Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, beynin sinir ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndaki olas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in ba\u011flamlar\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Ba\u011flam genlerle ba\u015flar ve a\u015famal\u0131 olarak daha fazla ba\u011flam\u0131 dahil ederek geli\u015fimle ilgili baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Beyni mevcut veya \u00f6nceki ortam\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak g\u00f6rmek yerine, n\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, ba\u011flamlar\u0131n\u0131n beyinle nas\u0131l etkile\u015fime girerek uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f yeti\u015fkin beynini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir<\/em>. Asl\u0131nda \u00f6nceden var olan temsiller \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilerek, temsiller (ba\u011flamdan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmak yerine) giderek daha fazla ba\u011flama ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelir.<\/em> [17] Bu, daha sonraki \u00f6\u011frenmenin \u00f6nceki \u00f6\u011frenmeye g\u00f6re daha k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir t\u00fcr \u201ckaderin k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na (restrictions of fate)\u201d yol a\u00e7ar. [17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genler (Genes)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki teorilerde, genlerin belirli geli\u015fimsel sonu\u00e7lar i\u00e7in statik, de\u011fi\u015fmeyen kodlar oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, genlerin hem \u00e7evresel hem de davran\u0131\u015fsal etkiler taraf\u0131ndan tetiklenebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. [18] Geli\u015fimin bu olas\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 epigenez (probabilistic epigenesis) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc [19], ekspresyon i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f bir yol izlemek yerine genlerin bir organizman\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7evresi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Dahas\u0131 bu modifikasyonlar daha sonra \u00e7evre \u00fczerinde hareket ederek, \u00e7evreyi etkileyen genlerin \u00e7evredeki bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden yeniden etkilendi\u011fi bir nedensel d\u00f6ng\u00fc olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fccrelenme (Encellment)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fccreler tek ba\u015f\u0131na geli\u015fmez. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren bile n\u00f6ronlar \u00e7evredeki ortamdan (\u00f6rne\u011fin di\u011fer n\u00f6ronlar) etkilenir. [20] Zamanla n\u00f6ronlar, sinir a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kendili\u011finden veya baz\u0131 duyusal uyar\u0131lara yan\u0131t olarak etkile\u015fime girer. [18] N\u00f6ronlar aras\u0131ndaki rekabet, ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n kesin modelini olu\u015fturmada anahtar rol oynar. [21] Sonu\u00e7 olarak belirli sinir yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki altta yatan morfoloji ve ba\u011flant\u0131 modelleri nedeniyle belirli sinirsel aktivasyon kal\u0131plar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bunlar daha sonra mevcut temsiller taraf\u0131ndan empoze edilen morfolojik de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir. Bir organizman\u0131n deneyimi taraf\u0131ndan mevcut n\u00f6ronal yap\u0131lar\u0131n manip\u00fcle edilmesi yoluyla giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k modeller ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011flanma (Enbrainment)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6ronlar a\u011flar\u0131n i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc iken bu a\u011flar ayr\u0131ca bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak beynin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sinir a\u011flar\u0131, zihin perspektifinin mod\u00fclerli\u011fi gibi tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Bunun yerine farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler, geri bildirim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri (feedback process) ve yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya etkile\u015fimler (top-down interactions) [22] yoluyla etkile\u015fime girerek her b\u00f6lgenin geli\u015fimini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131r ve belirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, k\u00f6r bireylerdeki birincil g\u00f6rsel korteksin dokunsal bilgiyi i\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. [23] Kortikal alanlar\u0131n i\u015flevi, bu duyusal girdinin ve kortikal bo\u015fluk i\u00e7in rekabetin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. [24] \u201cBu etkile\u015fimli uzmanla\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, kortikal b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yan\u0131tlar\u0131nda spesifik olmayabilece\u011fini ancak i\u015flevsel uzmanla\u015fmalar\u0131 onlar\u0131 daha dar bir ko\u015ful k\u00fcmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kademeli olarak daralt\u0131labilece\u011fini ima etmektedir.\u201d [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bedenle\u015fme (Embodiment)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fccudun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde beynin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Beyin, v\u00fccuttaki resept\u00f6rlerden girdi al\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, somato-duyusal sistem, g\u00f6rsel sistem, i\u015fitme sistemi vb.), bu resept\u00f6rler beyne bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar. Sonu\u00e7 olarak beynin sinirsel aktivasyon modellerini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 manip\u00fcle ederek zihindeki temsillerin in\u015fas\u0131 \u00fczerinde k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 etkilere yol a\u00e7arlar. Duyusal sistemler, beynin alabilece\u011fi olas\u0131 bilgileri s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve bu nedenle bir filtre g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. [18] Bununla birlikte beyin, ayn\u0131 zamanda v\u00fccudun manip\u00fclasyonu yoluyla \u00e7evre ile etkile\u015fime girebilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin, hareket, dikkat de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, vb.). B\u00f6ylece \u00e7evreyi ve sonradan al\u0131nan bilgileri manip\u00fcle edebilir. \u00c7evreyi ke\u015ffederken pro-aktivite, de\u011fi\u015fen deneyimlere ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimin de\u011fi\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7ar. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalle\u015fme (Ensocialment)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ki\u015fi \u00e7evreyi manip\u00fcle edebilirken, ki\u015finin geli\u015fti\u011fi belirli ortam, olas\u0131 fiziksel ve sosyal deneyimlerin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 yoluyla sergilenen olas\u0131 sinirsel temsiller \u00fczerinde olduk\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 etkilere sahiptir. [18] \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u00e7ocuk annesiz yeti\u015ftirilirse, \u00e7ocuk bir annesi varm\u0131\u015f gibi tepkilerini veya eylemlerini de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. Yaln\u0131zca do\u011fdu\u011fu ortam\u0131n belirli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 dahilinde davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u015fekillenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temsillerin Niteli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131daki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, beyinde bili\u015fsel temsiller olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in etkile\u015fime girer. Bi\u00e7imlendirme, rekabet ve i\u015f birli\u011fi yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden temel ilke ba\u011flam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. [18] Rekabet, daha sonra yeni temsiller olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerin geli\u015ftirilmesinde uzmanla\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6te yandan i\u015f birli\u011fi, mevcut bilginin yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin veren mevcut zihinsel temsillerin kombinasyonlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Temsillerin in\u015fas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7evrenin birey taraf\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na da ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bu pro-aktiviteden t\u00fcretilen deneyimler, zihinsel temsiller i\u00e7indeki olas\u0131 uyarlamalar\u0131n aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. [18] Bu t\u00fcr ilerici uzmanla\u015fma, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve mevcut \u00f6\u011frenme ortam\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Temsilleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7evre, mevcut zihinsel duruma k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck eklemeler yoluyla iyile\u015ftirmeler yapar. Bu, yeti\u015fkinlerde oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan sabit temsiller yerine k\u0131smi temsillere yol a\u00e7ar. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f6rokonstr\u00fcktivizm, bir son \u00fcr\u00fcn kavram\u0131n\u0131n beyinde var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur. Beynin esnekli\u011fi, bireysel pro-aktivite ve \u00e7evresel etkile\u015fimler yoluyla s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen zihinsel temsillere yol a\u00e7ar. B\u00f6yle bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, herhangi bir mevcut zihinsel temsilin belirli bir ortam i\u00e7in en uygun sonu\u00e7 oldu\u011funu ima eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin, otizm gibi geli\u015fimsel bozukluklarda atipik geli\u015fim, normal geli\u015fimde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7oklu etkile\u015fimsel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara adaptasyonlardan dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bununla birlikte k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir ve bu nedenle farkl\u0131 bir son \u00fcr\u00fcnle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, bozukluklar\u0131n belirli i\u015flevsel mod\u00fcllerin izole edilmi\u015f ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayan \u00f6nceki teorilerle do\u011frudan \u00e7eli\u015fir. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

[1] Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct. London: Penguin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1997). \u201cThe tortuous route from genes to behavior: A neuroconstructivist approach\u201d. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience. 6 (1): 9\u201317. doi:10.3758\/cabn.6.1.9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992). Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Bradford Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Karmiloff-Smith, A.; Plunkett, K.; Johnson, M.; Elman, J.L.; Bates, E. (1998). \u201cWhat does it mean to claim that something is \u201cinnate\u201d?\u201d. Mind & Language. 13 (4): 588\u2013597. doi:10.1111\/1468\u20130017.00095.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Oliver, A.; Johnson,M.H.; Karmiloff-Smith, A.; Pennington, B. (2000). \u201cDeviations in the emergence of representations: a neuroconstructivist framework for analysing developmental disorders\u201d. Developmental Science. 3 (1): 1\u201340. doi:10.1111\/1467\u20137687.00094.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2009). \u201cPreaching to the converted? from constructivism to neuroconstructivism\u201d. Child Development Perspectives. 3 (2): 99\u2013102. doi:10.1111\/j.1750\u20138606.2009.00086.x.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2012). \u201cChallenging the use of adult neuropsychological models for explaining neurodevelopmental disorders: Developed versus developing brains\u201d. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 66 (1): 1\u201314. doi:10.1080\/17470218.2012.744424.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2009). \u201cNativism versus neuroconstructivism: Rethinking the study of developmental disorders\u201d. Developmental Psychology. 45 (1): 56\u201363. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.233.1714. doi:10.1037\/a0014506.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Karmiloff-Smith A. (1998). \u201cDevelopment itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders\u201d. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2 (10): 389\u2013398. doi:10.1016\/S1364\u20136613(98)01230\u20133.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] Williams J.H.G.; Whiten A.; Suddendorf T.; Perrett D.I. (2001). \u201cImitation, mirror neurons and autism\u201d (PDF). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 25 (4): 287\u2013295. doi:10.1016\/S0149\u20137634(01)00014\u20138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] Rice M.L.; Wexler K. (1996). \u201cToward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in English-speaking children\u201d. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 39 (6): 1239\u20131257. doi:10.1044\/jshr.3906.1239.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] Gottlieb, G.; Lickliter, R. (2007). \u201cProbabilistic epigenesis\u201d. Developmental Science. 10 (1): 1\u201311. doi:10.1111\/j.1467\u20137687.2007.00556.x.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2007). \u201cWilliams syndrome\u201d. Curr. Biol. 17 (24): R1035\u2013R1036. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2007.09.037.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] Elsabbagh M.; Johnson M.H. (2007). \u201cInfancy and autism: progress, prospects, and challenges\u201d. Progress in Brain Research. 164: 355\u2013383. doi:10.1016\/S0079\u20136123(07)64020\u20135. ISBN 978\u20130\u2013444\u201353016\u20135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] Elman, Jeffrey (1996). Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0\u2013262\u201355030-X<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] Mareschal, D. (2011). \u201cFrom NEOconstructivism to NEUROconstructivism\u201d. Child Development Perspectives. 5 (3): 169\u2013170. doi:10.1111\/j.1750\u20138606.2011.00185.x.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] Westermann, G.; Mareschal, D.; Johnson, M. H.; Sirois, S.; Spratling, M. W.; Thomas, M. S. C. (2007). \u201cNeuroconstructivism\u201d. Developmental Science. 10 (1): 75\u201383. doi:10.1111\/j.1467\u20137687.2007.00567.x. PMID 17181703.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] Gottlieb, G. (1992). Individual development and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Jessell, T.M., & Sanes, J.R. (2000). The induction and patterning of the nervous system. In E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, & T.M. Jessell (Eds.), Principles of neural science (4th edn., pp. 1019\u20131040). New York and London: McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] Stryker, M.P.; Strickland, S.L. (1984). \u201cPhysiological segregation of ocular dominance columns depends on the pattern of afferent electrical activity\u201d. Ophthalmological Visual Science (Suppl). 25 (6): 727\u2013788.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22] Friston, K.J.; Price, C.J. (2001). \u201cDynamic representations and generative models of brain function\u201d. Brain Research Bulletin. 54 (3): 275\u201385. doi:10.1016\/s0361\u20139230(00)00436\u20136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23] Sadato, N.; Pascual-Leone, A.; Grafman, J.; Ibanez, V.; Deiber, M.-P.; Dold, G. & Gallett, M. (1996). \u201cActivation of the primary visual cortex by braille reading in blind subjects\u201d. Nature. 380 (6574): 526\u2013528. doi:10.1038\/380526a0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24] Johnson, M.H. (2000). \u201cFunctional brain development in infants: elements of an interactive specialization framework\u201d. Child Development. 71 (1): 75\u201381. doi:10.1111\/1467\u20138624.00120.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":1664,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"event_publishing_tags":[83,262,378,518,82,691,377,74,829,66,65,300,830,831,75,261,299,471],"kategori":[302],"class_list":["post-1673","blog_content","type-blog_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","event_publishing_tags-beyin","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-bilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-bilissel-sinirbilim","event_publishing_tags-brain","event_publishing_tags-cogist","event_publishing_tags-cognitive-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-felsefe","event_publishing_tags-neuroconstructivisim","event_publishing_tags-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-norobilim","event_publishing_tags-norobilim-felsefesi","event_publishing_tags-norokonstruktivizm","event_publishing_tags-philnsc","event_publishing_tags-philosophy","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-cognitive-science","event_publishing_tags-philosophy-of-neuroscience","event_publishing_tags-sinirbilim","kategori-vikimaraton"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1673","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog_content"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_content\/1673\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1673"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"event_publishing_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/event_publishing_tags?post=1673"},{"taxonomy":"kategori","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategori?post=1673"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}