{"id":1669,"date":"2020-09-22T15:00:17","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T15:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/?post_type=blog_content&p=1669"},"modified":"2025-08-13T20:39:09","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T20:39:09","slug":"dartmouth-konferansi-kognitif-vikimaraton","status":"publish","type":"blog_content","link":"https:\/\/cog-ist.com\/en\/blog_content\/dartmouth-konferansi-kognitif-vikimaraton\/","title":{"rendered":"Dartmouth Konferans\u0131 \u2014 Kognitif VikiMaraton"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu d\u00f6k\u00fcman 2 Eyl\u00fcl 2020 \u2018de CogIST olarak Vikipedi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz katk\u0131lar\u0131n bir ar\u015fivi niteli\u011findedir. Vikipedideki maddeler s\u0131kl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu katk\u0131lar\u0131n kendi pay\u0131m\u0131za d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 belgelemek ve ar\u015fivlemek gere\u011fi duyduk. Bu maddeye <\/em>Vikipedi\u2019de<\/em><\/a> de eri\u015febilirsiniz. T\u00fcm Kognitif VikiMaraton detaylar\u0131na ise <\/em>buradan<\/em><\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dartmouth Yapay Zeka Yaz Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projesi, bir alan olarak yapay zekan\u0131n kurucu olay\u0131 olarak kabul edilen 1956 yaz \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131d\u0131r. [1] [2] [3]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proje esasen uzun bir beyin f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 seans\u0131 olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 ile sekiz hafta aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 11 ki\u015filik matematik\u00e7i ve bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r fakat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131n hepsine b\u00fct\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar kat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; onun yerine on ki\u015fiden fazlas\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine gelmi\u015ftir. 8 hafta s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yer<\/strong>: Dartmouth Koleji, Hannover, New Hampshire<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/strong>: Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester ve Claude Shannon (at\u00f6lyeyi \u00f6neren ki\u015fi) ve di\u011ferleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkaplan<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1950’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen makineler\u201d i\u00e7in sibernetik, otomata teorisi ve karma\u015f\u0131k bilgi i\u015fleme gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli isimler vard\u0131. [4] Bu isimlerin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, tart\u0131\u015fmadaki kavramsal y\u00f6nelimlerin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Dartmouth Koleji- Matematik dal\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Do\u00e7ent olan John McCarthy, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen makineler hakk\u0131nda fikirlerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak ve geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir grup kurmaya karar verdi. Bu yeni alan i\u00e7in ise \u2018Yapay Zeka\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ti. Bu tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 ismi k\u0131smen tarafs\u0131z oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in se\u00e7ti. Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dar otomata teorisine odaklanmadan ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak analog geri beslemeye odaklanan sibernetikten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gelmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca potansiyel olarak iddial\u0131 olan Norbert Wiener\u2019\u0131 bir nebze lider olarak kabul edip onunla tart\u0131\u015fma \u015fans\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Yapay Zeka tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 se\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu. [5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1955’in ba\u015flar\u0131nda McCarthy, Rockefeller Vakf\u0131\u2019na ba\u015fvurarak Dartmouth\u2019ta yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yaz semineri i\u00e7in fon talep etti. Haziran ay\u0131nda, John McCarthy ve Bell Labs\u2019da bilgi teorisinin kurucusu olan Claude Shannon, fikri ve olas\u0131 finansman\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere Biyolojik ve T\u0131bbi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Robert Morison ile bir araya geldi. Ancak Morison para verilmesi konusunda b\u00f6yle bir projenin yeteri d\u00fczeyde vizyoner olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Eyl\u00fcl 1955’te proje, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester ve Claude Shannon taraf\u0131ndan resmen \u00f6nerildi. Bu \u00f6nerge, \u2018yapay zeka\u2019 terimini tan\u0131tmakla tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nergeden kesit: [7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1956 yaz\u0131nda Hanover, New Hampshire\u2019daki Dartmouth Koleji\u2019nde 2 ayl\u0131k, 10 ki\u015filik bir yapay zeka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyoruz. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6\u011frenmenin her y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn veya zekan\u0131n di\u011fer herhangi bir \u00f6zelli\u011finin, prensipte makinenin onu sim\u00fcle edebilece\u011fi kadar kesin bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131 temelinde ilerleyecektir. Makinelerin dili nas\u0131l kullanacaklar\u0131n\u0131, soyutlamalar\u0131 ve kavramlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131n\u0131, insanlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f problem t\u00fcrlerini nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zeceklerini ve kendilerini nas\u0131l geli\u015ftireceklerini bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bir yaz boyunca dikkatle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir grup bilim insan\u0131 \u00fczerinde birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa bu sorunlardan bir veya daha fazlas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ilerleme sa\u011flanabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nerge i\u00e7indeki tart\u0131\u015fmalarda bilgisayarlar, do\u011fal dil i\u015fleme, sinir a\u011flar\u0131, hesaplama teorisi, soyutlama ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k gibi konular ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Halen yapay zeka alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bu alanlarla ilgili kabul g\u00f6rmektedir.) [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26 May\u0131s 1956’da J. McCarthy, R. Morison\u2019a planlanan 11 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 bildirdi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Dr. Marvin Minsky<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Dr.Julian Bigelow<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Profes\u00f6r D.M. Mackay<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) Mr. Ray Solomonoff<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Mr. John Holland<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6) Mr. John McCarthy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rt hafta boyunca:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7) Dr. Claude Shannon<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8) Mr. Nathanial Rochester<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9) Mr. Oliver Selfridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk iki hafta i\u00e7in:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

10) Mr. Allen Newell<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11) Profes\u00f6r Herbert Simon<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not olarak J. McCarthy \u015funu ekledi; \u201cKavramlar ve genellemeler olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir hesap makinesi programlaman\u0131n tasarlama sorununa odaklanaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu durum elbette grup bir araya geldi\u011finde de\u011fi\u015febilir.\u201d [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stottler Henke Associates\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u00f6nerideki yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra konferansa kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda Oliver Selfridge, Trenchard More ve Arthur Samuel de vard\u0131. [10] [11] [12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm d\u00f6nem kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa zamanlarda olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 zamanlarda geldi. Trenchard More, \u00fc\u00e7 hafta boyunca Nathanial Rochester\u2019in yerini ald\u0131 ve Profes\u00f6r D.M. Mackay ve Mr. John Holland kat\u0131lmad\u0131- ancak yine de proje ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Haziran 1956 civar\u0131nda, ilk kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar (belki sadece Ray Solomonoff, belki Tom Etter ile birlikte), bir dairesi olan John McCarthy\u2019ye kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Hannover, N.H.\u2019deki Dartmouth kamp\u00fcs\u00fcne geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nemli Tarihler<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Dartmouth Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1956 yaz\u0131nda ortalama alt\u0131 hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenmektedir. [13] Fakat Ray Solomonoff\u2019un At\u00f6lye s\u0131ras\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 notlar, bunun 18 Haziran\u2019dan 17 A\u011fustos\u2019a kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ray Solomonoff\u2019un Dartmouth \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay notlar\u0131 22 Haziran\u2019da ba\u015flar; 28 Haziran\u2019da Marvin Minsky\u2019den bahseder, 1 Temmuz\u2019da Tom Etter\u2019den bahseder ve 17 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Ray Solomonoff son bir konu\u015fma yapar. [15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta J. McCarthy, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 listesini kaybetti. At\u00f6lye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan McCarthy, Ray Solomonoff\u2019e kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ve ziyaret\u00e7ilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra konuyla ilgilenenlerin bir \u00f6n listesini g\u00f6nderdi. B\u00f6ylece listelenen 47 ki\u015fi vard\u0131. [16]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Ray Solomonoff yaz projesiyle ilgili notlar\u0131nda tam bir liste yapt\u0131: [17]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Ray Solomonoff<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Marvin Minsky<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. John McCarthy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Claude Shannon<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Trenchard More<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Nat Rochester<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Oliver Selfridge<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Julian Bigelow<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. W. Ross Ashby<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. W.S. McCulloch<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. Abraham Robinson<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. Tom Etter<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. John Nash<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14. David Sayre<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15. Arthur Samuel<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16. Kenneth R. Shoulders<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17. Shoulders\u2019 friend<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18. Alex Bernstein<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19. Herbert Simon<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20. Allen Newell<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Ray Solomonoff, Marvin Minsky ve John McCarthy tam zamanl\u0131 olarak kalan tek \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiydi. Trenchard \u00fc\u00e7 haftal\u0131k ziyaretine iki hafta boyunca kat\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcnl\u00fck oturumlara \u00fc\u00e7 ila sekiz ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Olay ve sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

    Dartmouth Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00fcst kat\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 kendilerine aitti ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ile hafta i\u00e7i ana matematik s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda bulu\u015fup burada i\u00e7lerinden birisinin moderat\u00f6r olup, fikirlere odaklan\u0131lan ya da genel tart\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tart\u0131\u015fmalar ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f projeler de\u011fildi. Daha \u00e7ok bir\u00e7ok konuyu kapsayan ancak konferansla sembolik y\u00f6ntemler (symbolic methods<\/em>), s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 alanlara odaklanan sistemler- erken Uzman Sistemler (early Expert Systems<\/em>), t\u00fcmdengelimli sistemler ve t\u00fcmevar\u0131ml\u0131 sistemler (deductive systems versus inductive systems<\/em>) gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerinin ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya te\u015fvik edildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arthur Samuel, konferans i\u00e7in, \u201c\u00c7ok ilgin\u00e7ti, \u00e7ok uyar\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7ok heyecan vericiydi\u201d demi\u015ftir. [22]. Ayr\u0131ca Ray Solomonoff, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli tart\u0131\u015fmalardan elde edilen fikirlere ili\u015fkin izlenimlerini veren notlar tutmu\u015ftur. [23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

    [1] Solomonoff, R.J.The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence; Reflections on Social Effects, Human Systems Management, Vol 5 1985, Pp 149\u2013153<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2] Moor, J., The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty years, AI Magazine, Vol 27, No., 4, Pp. 87\u20139, 2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3] Kline, Ronald R., Cybernetics, Automata Studies and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, October\u2013December, 2011, IEEE Computer Society<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [4] McCorduck, P., Machines Who Think, A.K. Peters, Ltd, Second Edition, 2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5] Nilsson, N., The Quest for Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6] Kline, Ronald R., Cybernetics, Automata Studies and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, October\u2013December, 2011, IEEE Computer Society, (citing letters, from Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Dartmouth file6, 17, 1955 etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [7] McCarthy, J., Minsky, M., Rochester, N., Shannon, C.E., A Proposal for the Dartmouth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    http:\/\/raysolomonoff.com\/dartmouth\/boxa\/dart564props.pdf<\/a> August, 1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [8] McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955), A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, archived from the original on 2007\u201308\u201326, retrieved 2006\u201304\u201309 retrieved 10:47 (UTC), 9th of April 2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [9] Kline, Ronald R., Cybernetics, Automata Studies and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, October\u2013December, 2011, IEEE Computer Society<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [10] Stottler-Henke retrieved 18:19 (UTC), 27th of July 2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [11] Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present, and Future (Vox of Dartmouth)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [12] The Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [13] Nilsson, N., The Quest for Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, 2010, P. 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [14] Solomonoff, R.J., dart56ray622716talk710.pdf, 1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    URL:{http:\/\/raysolomonoff.com\/dartmouth\/boxbdart\/dart56ray622716talk710.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [15] Papers at http:\/\/raysolomonoff.com\/dartmouth\/boxbdart\/boxbdart.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [16] McCarthy, J., List, Sept., 1956; List among Solomonoff papers to be posted on website solomonof.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [17] http:\/\/raysolomonoff.com\/dartmouth\/boxbdart\/dart56ray812825who.pdf<\/a> 1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [18] More, Trenchard, 1956,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    http:\/\/raysolomonoff.com\/dartmouth\/boxa\/dart56more5th6thweeks.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [19] McCorduck, P., Machines Who Think, A.K. Peters, Ltd, Second Edition, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [20] \u201cDartmouth AI Archives\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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